Norm. Atrophy of the thalamus in a case of acquired hemiplegia associated with diffuse porencephaly and sclerosis of the left cerebral hemisphere. (D) Dr. Po del Ro-Hortega (on the left), Asuncin Amo del Ro (in the middle), and Dr. William Gibson (on the right) developing their work in Neuropathology at the Nuffield Department, in Oxford, 1938. 6:e1001200. (2002). Bialik later played neurobiologist Amy Farrah Fowler on the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory from 2010 to 2019. J. Neurol. Neuroanat. (A) Young Dorothy Russell circa 1919, while studying at The London Royal Hospital (taken from Women at Queen Mary Exhibition Online). Elizabeth Yeampierre is an internationally recognized pioneer in the environmental movement, creating a platform for oppressed communities in the fight against climate change. Neurosci. Trends Neurosci. Indeed, she was offered to continue, but she rejected the contract: the bloody civil war had ended and Asuncin Amo del Ro and her aunt Felisa decided to come back to Spain, finally leaving to Valladolid by the end of June 1939 (del Ro-Hortega Bereciartu, 1993). The scientific work of four of these remarkable women Drs. doi: 10.1038/s41593-021-00863-z, Wang, X., Dow-Edwards, D., Anderson, V., Minkoff, H., and Hurd, Y. L. (2004). In this review, we discuss the work of four women whose groundbreaking scientific work has made ineffaceable marks in the neuroscience field. Front. She published some papers (Russell, 1923; Bayliss et al., 1933), and the special report A classification of Brights disease, published by the Medical Research Council in 1929, which received the gold medal of the University and was the basis of Russells MD thesis 1 year later (Geddes, 1997). J. Pathol. Her desire for training future generations of exceptional scientists led her to help establish one of the first undergraduate neuroscience programs in the United States in 1990 (University of Oregon, 2020). Neurosci. The rebel nationalist troops were soon on the way to Spains capital, Madrid. EF-E: critical review. The contribution of women scientists has been so important that TheWomanPostmakes a selection of the 7 most important women scientists in neuroscience: This American led the first research on the work of the frontal lobe and memory. Madrid: Ediciones Pirmide. Microsc. Scherer, M., and Barcott, B. This period working at McGill University was seriously imprinted in Dorothy Russell and, before arriving in Oxford, the nervous system was already the main subject of her research, including, of course, the CNS tumors (Bayliss et al., 1933; Russell and Ellis, 1933; Russell and Tallerman, 1937; Russell, 1939). 13:72. Among these new disciples in Argentina, we should highlight the names of Moiss Polak (19101981; Figure 3A), Jos Manuel Prado, Washington Buo15 (19091990; Figure 3A), Pardias, David Celener, Len Zimman, Aranovitch, Manuel Ojea, and, chronologically the latter but the main one for our present work: Amanda Pellegrino de Iraldi (19172007). Amanda Pellegrino de Iraldi died in 2007. He combined it with the direction of the Laboratory of Neuropathology, founded by the Junta para Ampliacin de Estudios-JAE at the Residencia de Estudiantes from 1920 (del Ro-Hortega Bereciartu, 1993). 68, 533538. The women disciples of Ro-Hortega after the death of Don Po (I). del Ro-Hortega, P., and Penfield, W. (1927). Legal Marijuana Either Eases Opioid Crisis or Makes it Worse. Rec. She is also a mentor dedicated to introducing students to research at a young age, as she did not know of any researchers growing up (Sedwick, 2013). Already in 1925, he had visited Argentina and Uruguay, invited by the Institucin Cultural Espaola de Buenos Aires, to give a course on Histology: that was a success and Ro-Hortega always kept it in mind. Ro-Hortega was probably the most successful of the direct disciples of Cajal. It was the brand-new Ministry of Health, the known anarchist leader Federica Montseny, who ordered Po del Ro-Hortega to move to Valencia, too. Quite frequently, the physicist Arturo Duperier10 and the lawyer Jos Castillejo11 (who were in London) traveled to spend the weekends with the Oxonian group. Neurobiology of addictive behaviors and its relationship to methadone maintenance. Some data on electron microscopy of herbsts corpuscles. Using microelectrodes to record voltage and current, they investigated how the electrically coupled PD and anterior burster (AB) neurons modulate postsynaptic neurons and show that PD and AB neurons release different neurotransmitters that generate significantly different outputs (Marder and Eisen, 1984). Acta Neuropathol. A portrait of the lady: a life of dorothy russell. Investig. Utilizing this technique, her group began unraveling the regulation of the various steps involved in axonal transport, such as the fate of the motor protein that carries the cargo, and mitochondria transport (Kumar et al., 2010; Mondal et al., 2011, 2021). and physicists 7%. Sacerdote de Lustig, E. (2005). She was determined to be a doctor, not a practising doctor, but a research doctor (Geddes, 1997). Integr. Psychiatry 6, 3845. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. The identification of the synaptic vesicles was the definitive confirmation of the individuality of neurons raised by Cajal with his Neuronal Theory. Proy. Studies on the origin of the granulated and nongranulated vesicles, in New Aspects of Storage and Release Mechanisms of Catecholamines, eds G. Kroneberg and H. J. Schumann (Berlin: Springer), 419. 12 Disabled Scientists Who Made the World a Better Place Vial, J. D. (1996). del Ro-Hortega, P. (1919a). doi: 10.1002/jnr.24726, Dole, V. P., and Kreek, M. J. Cajal y la Escuela Neurolgica Espaola. Boll Socieded Esp Biol. Lancet 233, 10231026. doi: 10.1093/brain/awh271. Front. Starting her laboratory allowed her to investigate questions she explored during her postdoctoral work. Cannabidiol, a nonpsychotropic component of cannabis, inhibits cue-induced heroin seeking and normalizes discrete mesolimbic neuronal disturbances. Russell, D. S., and Rubinstein, L. (1989). J. Med. 8 Incredible Women in Neurology That Changed the Game - ImproveMemory.org Her academic career was also highly relevant, including the publication of an important textbook for medical students, Histologa Mdica (Saavedra et al., 1979). Po del Ro-Hortega had founded the journal Archivos de Histologa Normal y Patolgica17 from the University of Buenos Aires (1942), a journal in which he published his works on the structure of the sympathetic and sensitive ganglia and, mainly, related to tumors of the CNS and PNS, coining the concepts of angioglioma and neuroglioma (Figures 3B,C). Recognition and visibility of womens contributions in neuroscience are vital to their recruitment and retention (Fairhall and Marder, 2020; Fulvio et al., 2021). Sandhya Koushika: building new models and communities. Then, she became the main direct collaborator of Po del Ro-Hortega until he left Oxford for South America (see below), and even succeeding him as the head of Neuropathology at the Radcliffe infirmary. Mod. Nat. (1991). Being in Paris, there was a second offer from Penfield, as well as from other disciples to move to Mexico, Cuba, or Venezuela, but Po del Ro-Hortega decided to accept the generous offer by another internationally reputed neurosurgeon, the Australian-born Hugh Cairns (18961952). Glia 64, 18011840. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Neurosci. As the cultural shift continues, women should be cited. The Caenorhabditis elegans Kinesin-3 motor UNC-104/KIF1A is degraded upon loss of specific binding to cargo. Psychiatry 3, 123140. In utero marijuana exposure associated with abnormal amygdala dopamine D2 gene expression in the human fetus. Most of Ro-Hortegas time in Oxford was devoted to work as a clinical neuropathologist and classifying the tumors of the nervous system, working together with Dorothy Russell (Figures 2C,D), although they never published together. Recently, Dr. Hurds cannabis research has been at the forefront of conversations regarding the legalization of marijuana (Scherer and Barcott, 2015; Caulkins and Kilmer, 2016; Gupta, 2018; Stenson, 2021). However, it is important to highlight that she was the person who collaborated with Po del Ro-Hortega during the darkest moments of his scientific career and life. doi: 10.1038/251730a0, Marder, E. (1976). She has provided opportunities for high school students to participate and familiarize themselves with the research environment to raise interest and awareness for scientific work. For Lederberg, her lack of recognition was especially personal since her first husband, famed molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg, was receiving all the credit for discoveries the two made . There, she published interesting work on how to stain microglia in vitro with Trypan Blue (Figure 2B; Russell, 1939; Geddes, 1998). (D) Dorothy Russell receives her doctor honoris causa from the University of Glasgow (1951). Shepherd, G. M. (1991). Georgina Rodrguez de Lores Arniz, Alicia Brusco, Juana Pasquini, Claudio Cuello, and Fabian Loidl for their fundamental collaboration to reconstruct some biographical details on Amanda Pellegrino de Iraldi, as well as images included as Figures 4A,C,D, 6A,B. 3, 337347. The changing face of neuropathology, in Understanding Disease: a Centenary Celebration of the Pathological Society, eds P. Hall and N. A. Wright (Chichester: John Wiley and Sons), 185191. Research priorities for expanding access to methadone treatment for opioid use disorder in the United States: a national institute on drug abuse center for clinical trials network task force report. On aortic and coronary atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed cockerels: histochemical effects of estrogens. The science and value of diversity: closing the gaps in our understanding of inclusion and diversity. The year of 2020, accompanied by the COVID-19 pandemic and its restrictions, further highlighted racial and gendered inequalities (Cortes, 2021). Invest. Russell, D. S., and Beck, D. J. K. (1944). Furthermore, she was a member of CONICET, published more than 180 scientific publications, and received the Hippocrates Prize (the highest distinction to be achieved by a doctor in Argentina) and the Bicentennial Medal, a distinction granted by the Senate of the Argentine Republic to the most outstanding personalities (Sacerdote de Lustig, 2005). It has been repeatedly reported that diversity enhances excellence and innovation due to the variety of thoughts and the breadth and scope of research questions that can arise from different lived experiences (Swartz et al., 2019). doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.24.11308, Smart, R., and Pacula, R. L. (2019). las Ciencias y las Tcnicas 30, 65104. Berlin: Springer. Med. 462, 400414. Image: Wikipedia Commons. (C,D) Dorothy Russell and Po del Ro-Hortega at the latters laboratory at the University of Oxford (19391940). 17, 7276. (2019). Dr. Hurds research is grounded in a bidirectional translational research perspective that relies on animal models and human subjects. Histol. Women continue to make meaningful contributions to the field of neuroscience, advancing our understanding of the nervous system and paving paths for modern scientific exploration. Tracking mitochondrial density and positioning along a growing neuronal process in individual c. elegans neuron using a long-term growth and imaging microfluidic device. Our goal is to awaken an interest in learning more about diverse perspectives and instill in the reader the curiosity to explore further the breadth of ideas that contributed to the advancement of the neuroscience field. The treatment of purulent pachymeningitis and subdural suppuration with special reference to penicillin. Elizabeth Yeampierre. Patol. 2, 231239. In our previous work, we discussed the relevance of the women neuroscientists working with Cajal and his disciples in Spain and compared them with other very relevant women neuroscientists of those times (Gin et al., 2019). Thanks!???? doi: 10.1001/archinte.1966.00290160004002, Eisen, J. S., and Marder, E. (1984). They assisted in making the histological preparations and they were considered members of the laboratory in their own right. 9, 69120. Madrid: Tipografia artistica. J. Neurochem. (2021). All these names would serve to compare the performances of the figures at the present work, as also happens with others such as Christine Ladd-Franklin (18471930, United States), Margaret Floy Washburn (18711939, United States), Marcelle Lapicque (18731960, France), Nathalie Zand (18841942, Poland), Gabrielle Charlotte Lvy (18861934, France), Mary Broadfoot Walker (18881974, United Kingdom), Elisabeth Crosby (18881983, United States), Una Lucy Fielding (18881969, Australia), Lucja Frey (18891942, Poland), Alexandra Adler (19012001, Austria), Margaret Kennard (18991972, United States), Elizabeth Roboz Einstein (19041995, Hungary), Denise Albe-Fessard (19162003, France), or Marianne Fillenz (19242012, Romanian-born New Zealander), among other pioneering women with notable contributions to many different aspects of Neuroscience (Finger, 2002). doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.015. Further inquiry led us to notice three more women that worked with Po del Ro-Hortega out of Spain, in different stages of his exile during the Spanish Civil War (19361939) and after. She along with John O'keefe and Edvard Moser discovered cells that establish a positioning system in the brain. She was the first to discover a mitochondrial DNA mutation in a human disease. Natl. Discourses about diversity, equity, and the representation of women have been at the forefront of social and institutional conversations worldwide (Clark and Hurd, 2020; Berryhill and Desrochers, 2021; Cortes, 2021). Espaola Hist. doi: 10.1038/1841720a0. Trab. https://t.co/1FH2y9W6Av pic.twitter.com/XWxzz5nawH. Vincent, a worldwide specialist in the treatment of meningiomas and hypophisarian tumors, had provided for years the Spanish neurohistologist with numerous biopsies of different neural tumors for his classification of nervous tumors (del Ro-Hortega, 1932; Ramon and Cajal Ageras, 2016). She also serves as a professor at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Here are three that I look to for inspiration (there are of course . A seminal work from the efforts of Dr. Kreek and her collaborators showed that a daily oral dose of methadone blocked the euphoric high and prevented withdrawal symptoms general malaise, nausea, tremors (Dole et al., 1966). Both authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. Esp Biol. (A) Young Asuncin Amo del Ro (on the left) with her mother and her grandfather Juan at Portillo (Valladolid). Oligodendrogia and its relation to classical neuroglia. Long-term methadone maintenance therapy: effects on liver function. The disparities that emerged in career stability for women during the pandemic emphasized the need to create policies in the social and work world to navigate diversity, equity, and inclusion fruitfully (Berryhill and Desrochers, 2021; Cortes, 2021; Machlovi et al., 2021). Her group modeled negative feedback homeostatic mechanisms to dissect how neuronal function maintains stability despite perturbation. Pathol. Her studies open technically and conceptually novel avenues of investigation. Acad. (1948). Penfield, W. (1924). doi: 10.1038/nn1352, Pulver, S. R., Thirumalai, V., Richards, K. S., and Marder, E. (2003). This approach was instrumental in identifying genes and biological pathways that confer a predisposition to addictive tendencies. Neurochem. Neurosci. 30 Most Influential Neuroscientists - Online Psychology Degree Guide
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