Depression, anxiety, and stress among university students in - PLOS Scores on three subscalesnamely Depression (DASS-21-D), Anxiety (DASS-21-A) and Stress (DASS-21-S)were generated. Disordered eating behaviors, depression, anxiety and stress among Temporal variation in risk factors and prevalence rate of depression in urban population: Does the urban environment play a significant role? Suria Zainuddin, Those who perceived a poor financial status (OR = 1.93, 95% CI 1.033.61) had nearly 2 times higher odds of stress symptoms than those who perceived a good financial status. Participants were asked to score each item on a Likert scale from a range of 1 to 5. Table 1 shows the demographics of the study participants compared with the general adult population in Malaysia [17, 18]. A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Italian people during the COVID-19 pandemic: Immediate psychological responses and associated factors. Specifically, depression was found to be the main risk factors associated with suicidal behaviours [23, 24]. Self-perception of physical health conditions and its association with depression and anxiety among Bangladeshi university students. The study aims to evaluate stress, anxiety and depression, and to examine the coping responses among adult population during COVID-19 movement control order in Malaysia. PubMed Financial distress due to the pandemic has been reported as a key correlate of poor mental health [40]. To the best of our knowledge, no study has investigated the quality of life (QoL) of the urban population in Malaysia. Ujian Kemurungan, Kebimbangan dan Stress (DASS21) Inventori DASS21 (Depression, Anxiety and Stress) adalah inventori penilaian simptom kemurungan, kebimbangan dan stress yang boleh membantu dalam pelan rawatan atau melihat kemajuan rawatan. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by [Mohammad Farris Iman Leong Bin Abdullah], [Hazwani Ahmad Yusof] and [Noorsuzana Mohd Shariff]. Mazza, C., Ricci, E., Biondi, S., Colasanti, M., Ferracuti, S., Napoli, C., & Roma, P. (2020). To evaluate the Malaysian responses and effects on their psychological health and coping response, a cross sectional online survey was conduct on (N=716) adult participants age range 20 to 75 years (Mean 33.34), male (193) female (523) from various background and all district of Malaysia. Although a higher percentage of participants with a monthly income < MYR4000 reported stress symptoms, in the multivariable logistic regression analysis, the highest income group had higher odds of stress symptoms. DASS has no implications for patients or individuals in classification systems such as discrete diagnostic manuals, statistic . Subsequently, the revised questionnaire was further pretested before field administration. In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a pandemic [1, 2]. Scientific Reports, 6, 28033. Thus, many sectors have been affected including the education sector. Future studies on DASS-21 should include validation across different group comparisons and testing of invariance of all versions. Ahern, E., Kinsella, S., & Semkovska, M. (2018). Maps and Enumeration Blocks of the six selected cities were obtained. 9 more], Other benefits of telemedicine include increased access to healthcare, reduced travel time of patients, improved medication adherence, reduced waiting time and readmissions, and serving as a good modality for education (Kruse et al., 2017). DASS Test Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI) In addition, living in an urban area is reported to be protective against anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic (Cao et al., 2020). (2018). Sareena Hanim Hamzah, The first limitation is the cross-sectional design: we identified associations but could not infer cause and effect. Psychosocial stressors may also induce increased levels of serum proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-), which may be associated with an increased risk of developing depression. Studies on student populations throughout the world [2931], including in Malaysia [32], have shown that the COVID-19 pandemic has put a strain on their mental health. The odds of depression (OR = 5.68, 95% CI 3.818.47) and anxiety (OR = 3.50, 95% CI 2.375.17) were markedly higher in respondents who perceived a poorer health status. Several population-based surveys have also revealed that students report a higher prevalence of depressive, anxiety and stress symptoms [27, 28]. Fig 1 shows the trend of confirmed COVID-19 cases in Malaysia and the recruitment period. Ekeland, A. G., Bowes, A., & Flottorp, S. (2010). Mental Health Status Based on Depression, Anxiety, and : Malaysian In addition, the percentage of anxiety (55.1%) and stress (30.6%) symptoms were highest at the end of the data collection period. LG Lot 25B,26,27 Selayang Capitol Kompleks, Selayang Kepong Highway, 68100 Kuala Lumpur, Depression, Anxiety & Stress Scale (DASS), World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS). Biofeedback-involved training helps regulate certain involuntary bodily processes, such as blood pressure, pulse rate, blood flow, and muscle tension, to enhance mental health. The multiple logistic regression analysis pinpointed that there were only two variables that significantly predicted higher odds of depression with comorbid anxiety symptoms, which were assessment after COVID-19 was declared as a global pandemic (adjusted OR=3.19, 95% CI=1.377.45, p=0.005) and stress symptoms (adjusted OR=40.44, 95% CI=15.90102.87, p<0.001). Nevertheless, the results of these screening tests are diagnosis and require referral to a professional for further evaluation. [view A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. There were only two factors that registered a significant association with higher odds of depression symptoms, which were as follows: comorbid stress, which increased the odds of acquiring depression symptoms by more than 17-fold compared with an absence of comorbid stress, and undergoing assessment after the declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic, which increased the odds of depression symptoms by almost threefold compared with undergoing assessment before the declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic. Vimala Ramoo, Kruse, C. S., Krowski, N., Rodriguez, B., Tran, L., Vela, J., & Brooks, M. (2017). As the COVID-19 pandemic emerged, we included the comparison of the odds of psychological complications before and after the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic as one of the objectives of the study. In line with previous studies from Hong Kong [19] and the United Kingdom [20], the public seemed to experience increased symptoms of mental illness as the pandemic progressed over time. In addition, all the domains of QoL were significantly associated with depression with comorbid anxiety symptoms (p<0.1), such as physical health QoL score (crude OR=0.77, 95% CI=0.700.85, p<0.001), psychological QoL score (crude OR=0.73, 95% CI=0.650.81, p<0.001), social relationship QoL score (crude OR=0.66, 95% CI=0.570.78, p<0.001), and environmental QoL score (crude OR=0.83, 95% CI=0.760.89, p<0.001). Depression and anxiety in Malaysian population during third wave of the The exclusion criteria were as follow: having chronic medical conditions, pregnancy or breastfeeding, and have never had SARS-CoV-2 infection. With this screening test, you can know your mental health status, whether you are stressed, worried, or depressed. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 1729. Depression and Anxiety: Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment - Verywell Health We found that 23.9% of the participants had depression symptoms, 41.7% had anxiety symptoms, and 19.9% had depression with comorbid anxiety symptoms. The aim of the study was to identify the crosssectional associations between fear of COVID19, stress, anxiety, and depression by using two stagemetaanalytic structural equation modeling (TSMASEM). First, since comorbid stress and fear of being infected with COVID-19 elevate the odds of acquiring depression symptoms and depression with comorbid anxiety symptoms, whereas better psychological QoL is protective against depression and depression with comorbid anxiety in the urban population, at a time when COVID-19 is still prevalent globally, there is a need for public health authorities and mental health providers to offer online psychotherapy. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Despite the above limitations, this study provided valuable data to fill the gap in the literature on the prevalence of psychological complications and their associated factors in urban communities. We recruited 326 participants, who were administered a sociodemographic characteristics questionnaire; the 21-item Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) to assess the presence or absence of depression symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and depression with comorbid anxiety symptoms; and the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQoL-BREF) to assess their QoL. Again, the prevalence of anxiety reported in our study was much higher than that reported in another study on the prevalence of anxiety in Malaysian communities (in which it was 8.2%; Kader Maideen et al., 2015). An example of an effective online psychotherapy for treatment of depression and anxiety is online cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT; Arnberg, Linton, Hultcrantz, Heintz, & Jonsson, 2014; Ahern, Kinsella, & Semkovska, 2018). A respondent who demonstrated symptoms of depression, anxiety, or stress from the calculated score would be considered as experiencing psychological distress. Most participants fell within the age group of 3160years (n=259, 79.4%), and approximately three-quarters of them were female. 4. All statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Studying a medical degree can create a stressful environment for students who are in the pre-clinical or clinical phase of their course. Gruebner, O., Rapp, M. A., Adli, M., Kluge, U., Galea, S., & Heinz, A. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. This cross-sectional study was carried out from July 2019 to August 2020 and recruited people living in six urban communities in the state of Penang in northern Peninsular Malaysia. Google Scholar. People with pre-existing comorbidities would need extra support to cultivate resilience, coping, mindfulness and healthy adjustment with the change to an inactive, sedentary lifestyle to enhance their mental wellbeing during the pandemic. questionnaire (93.9% response rate). In this study, the DASS-21 had adequate to very good internal consistency, with Cronbachs alphas of 0.956 for the overall scale, 0.927 for the DASS-21-D, 0.865 for the DASS-21-A and 0.882 for the DASS-21-S. Please note: This test should only be completed with your health practitioner. Research Article Escalating progression of mental health disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from a nationwide survey Li Ping Wong , Haridah Alias, Afiqah Alyaa Md Fuzi, Intan Sofia Omar, Azmawaty Mohamad Nor, Maw Pin Tan, Diana Lea Baranovich, Che Zarrina Saari, Sareena Hanim Hamzah, Ku Wing Cheong, Chiew Hwa Poon, Vimala Ramoo, Next. 01. Psychiatry Research, 288, 112958. (2019). Curr Psychol 40, 62596270 (2021). Our findings support the reliability of using DASS-21 in the Malaysian cultural context. Simple logistic regression analyses indicated that the individual variables significantly associated with depression symptoms (p<0.1) included being single, divorced, or widowed (crude OR=1.87, 95% CI=0.943.72, p=0.074), those who were assessed after COVID-19 was declared as a global pandemic (crude OR=1.49, 95% CI=1.281.86, p=0.013), those with stress symptoms (crude OR=17.60, 95% CI=9.3633.10, p<0.001), higher physical health QoL score (crude OR=0.93, 95% CI=0.910.96, p<0.001), higher psychological QoL score (crude OR=0.93, 95% CI=0.910.95, p<0.001), higher social relationship QoL score (crude OR=0.95, 95% CI=0.930.97, p<0.001), and higher environmental QoL score (crude OR=0.94, 95% CI=0.920.97, p<0.001). This is because what triggers a stress response in one individual may not be the same that triggers a stress response in another individual, and it can greatly vary from forgetting to send an email to a death of a loved one. Stress, anxiety and depression among students in campus during the Arnberg, F. K., Linton, S. J., Hultcrantz, M., Heintz, E., & Jonsson, U. Students had higher odds of anxiety symptoms than the professional and managerial occupational groups (OR = 1.84, 95% CI 1.192.85). The majority of participants were from urban (66.1%) and suburban (26.1%) areas. The results from this study will thus help to develop new interventions for campus health services in helping their students adapt and face challenging situations. On 25 January 2020, Malaysian authorities reported the first SARS-CoV-2 infection; subsequently, on 17 March 2020, the first death was reported. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Affiliation: Not at all. Another 18 reviews indicated telemedicine was promising for the treatment of psychiatric and medical illnesses, but more research was required to draw a firm conclusion (Ekeland, Bowes, & Flottorp, 2010). Methodology An online cross-sectional study was conducted via non-probabilistic convenience sampling. The temporal trend of the DASS-21-D, DASS-21-A and DASS-21-S scores over the 16-week data collection period was computed. Of these, 65% had stress, 85.1% had anxiety and 51.4% had depression. B., Sang, H. B., Liu, S. Y., & Akbaruddin, A. Initially, 376 eligible subjects were invited to participate in this study, but 50 declined, stating that they were not interested in enrolling in the study and wished not to be disturbed. The main reasons for students experiencing heightened psychological distress include economic effects, changes in academic activities, difficulties adapting to online distance learning methods and uncertainty about the future with regard to academics and careers. The summation of the estimated total population in these urban communities was at 174,886 people. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2020.1746817. A more recent systematic review of 44 studies also pinpointed the benefits of telemedicine in terms of ease of use, tendency to improve outcomes, cost effectiveness, and communication between therapist and patients. Univariable analyses followed by multivariable logistic regression analyses, using a simultaneous forced-entry method, was used to determine the factors influencing depression, anxiety and stress. There were no missing values. Prevalence, associated factors and predictors of anxiety: A community survey in Selangor, Malaysia. The research project was resumed from mid-June 2020 and ended in August 2020, which was between 1week and 2months after the MCO was lifted. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 16(5), 279288. These variables included those who wereofMalay ethnicity(crude OR=0.37, 95% CI=0.150.94, p=0.089); being single, divorced, or widowed (crude OR=2.61, 95% CI=1.365.01, p=0.037); assessment after COVID-19 was declared as a global pandemic (crude OR=2.06, 95% CI=1.123.77, p=0.020); and stress symptoms (crude OR=39.77, 95% CI=17.0492.81, p<0.001). Conversely, a meta-analysis of 14 cohorts of 13 prospective studies reported that high self-reported physical activity reduced the odds of developing anxiety by 1.35-fold, and high self-reported physical activity was protective against development of agoraphobia and posttraumatic stress disorder; these results were evident in Asian and European populations, as well as across different age groups, from children/adolescents to adults (Schuch et al., 2019). Zaliha: Depression And Anxiety Rates Highest In Federal - CodeBlue Sociodemographic characteristics associated with adolescent depression in urban and rural areas of Hubei province: A cross-sectional analysis. From the survey conducted, it was found . Depression and anxiety in the Malaysian urban population and - Springer The funding source has no role in the design of the research, data collection, data analysis, writing of the manuscript, and publication of the manuscript. Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research, 18(1), 2541. Medical Journal of Malaysia, 58(1), 7988. Hossain, S., Anjum, A., Hasan, M. T., Uddin, M. E., Hossain, M. S., & Sikder, M. T. (2020). As with the association between social relationships and anxiety, cross-sectional data from the assessment of spouse or partner relationships of 4988 Irish adults identified that positive partner interaction was significantly associated with a reduced likelihood of anxiety (Santini, Koyanagi, Tyrovolas, & Haro, 2015).
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