Based on a broad variety of methods, e.g. (1995). [122] Mount Vesuvius is the only active volcano on the European mainland, while others, Mount Etna and Stromboli, are on neighbouring islands. Mediterranean was created in Earth's biggest deluge After the Strait of Sicily, the LIW waters circulate along the Italian, French and Spanish coasts before exiting the Mediterranean through the depths of the Strait of Gibraltar. However, the Norsemen developed the trade from Norway to the White Sea, while also trading in luxury goods from Spain and the Mediterranean. The Calypso Deep, the deepest point in the Mediterranean Sea, is located in the Ionian Sea and reaches a depth of 5,267 m. The Ionian Sea is also widely known for being one of the world's most seismically active regions. Note 2: Thracian Sea and Myrtoan Sea are seas that are part of the Aegean Sea. The Bitter Lakes, which are hyper-saline natural lakes that form part of the canal, blocked the migration of Red Sea species into the Mediterranean for many decades, but as the salinity of the lakes gradually equalised with that of the Red Sea, the barrier to migration was removed, and plants and animals from the Red Sea have begun to colonise the Eastern Mediterranean. The coastline extends for 46,000km (28,600 miles). [55] In the table below are listed the ten largest by size. It is estimated that every year between 100,000t (98,000 long tons) and 150,000t (150,000 long tons) of crude oil are deliberately released into the sea from shipping activities. A first look at some groups of marine species shows that over 70% of exotic decapods [128] and some 2/3 of exotic fishes [129] found in the Mediterranean are of Indo-Pacific origin, introduced from the Red Sea via the Suez Canal. Estimates of phytoplankton class-specific and total primary production in the Mediterranean Sea from satellite ocean color obser- vations: primary production in the mediterranean. and Zenetos, A. None of that stops marine life, pollution and human expeditions. A part of the surface water does not pass the Strait of Sicily, but deviates towards Corsica before exiting the Mediterranean. How deep is the ocean? - The Conversation [32], Italy was particularly affected by the European migrant crisis. (2001). Environmental issues", "Mediterranean Monk Seal Fact Files: Overview", 10398/08c83467-00f6-4f56-9833-1beda9f7734f, "Marine heatwave: Record sea temperatures seen in the Mediterranean could devastate marine life", "Marine heatwaves drive recurrent mass mortalities in the Mediterranean Sea", Mediterranean Sea Microorganisms: 180+ images of Foraminifera, Eastern Mediterranean Sea Long Term Ecological Research Station, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&oldid=1164054221. A 1994 study of the seabed using trawl nets around the coasts of Spain, France and Italy reported a particularly high mean concentration of debris; an average of 1,935 items per km2.[142]. The Mediterranean basin has been proposed as a hot spot of terrestrial and coastal marine biodiversity but has been supposed to be impoverished of deep-sea species richness. According to definitions by the Mediterranean Science Commission and the International Union for Conservation of Nature, and to Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and Ramsar Convention terminologies, they are alien species, as they are non-native (non-indigenous) to the Mediterranean Sea, and are found outside their normal, non-adjacent area of distribution. Natural divisions A submarine ridge between the island of Sicily and the African coast with a sill depth of about 1,200 feet (365 metres) divides the Mediterranean Sea into western and eastern parts. The greatest human-induced changes, however, came after World War II, in line with the "1950s syndrome"[121] as rural populations throughout the region abandoned traditional subsistence economies. The residence time of water in the Mediterranean is approximately 100 years, making the Mediterranean especially sensitive to climate change. Mediterranean Sea response to climate change in an ensemble of twenty-first century scenarios. For example, the 1908 Messina earthquake and tsunami took more than 123,000 lives in Sicily and Calabria and were among the deadliest natural disasters in modern Europe. [138], Fish stock levels in the Mediterranean Sea are alarmingly low. Total annual precipitation is significantly higher on the European part of the Mediterranean basin, especially near the Alps (the 'water tower of Europe') and other high mountain ranges. These measurements revealed that the seafloor is much bumpier and mountainous than previously known and resulted in an average ocean depth that is . Vesuvius itself is regarded as quite dangerous due to a tendency towards explosive (Plinian) eruptions. In the 1920s, Herman Srgel proposed the building of a hydroelectric dam (the Atlantropa project) across the Straits, using the inflow current to provide a large amount of hydroelectric energy. Mediterranean Sea - WorldAtlas The sea remained strategically important. [90] For this reason, the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea is termed "ultraoligotrophic". Geography The Ligurian Sea has a depth of about 2,850 m at its deepest point, located northwest of Corsica island. By 2100 the overall level of the Mediterranean could rise between 3 and 61cm (1.2 and 24.0in) as a result of the effects of climate change. Ligurian Sea - WorldAtlas Seasonal and interannual variability in algal biomass and primary production in the Mediterranean Sea, as derived from 4 years of SeaWiFS observations: Mediterranean Sea Biomass and Production. Atlas of Exotic Fishes in the Mediterranean Sea. Although they are rare, tropical cyclones occasionally form in the Mediterranean Sea, typically in SeptemberNovember. It is near Pylos, Greece, and it has an estimated maximum depth of 17,280 feet. Another letter states that the Genoese had traded with Alexandria. Rdiger Hachtmann "Tourismus-Geschichte". This makes the Canal the first pathway of arrival of alien species into the Mediterranean. The Sea of Crete forms the deepest part of the Aegean Sea and reaches a maximum depth of about 3,294 m at its deepest point, which is located near the northeastern coast of Crete. : Implications for caldera dynamics and future eruptive scenarios", "Alle kennisdossiers van het Instituut Fysieke Veiligheid", "IUCN Guidelines for the Prevention of Biodiversity Loss Caused by Alien Invasive Species", "Egypt to deepen, widen Suez Canal after blockage", "Mediterranean Sea Level Could Rise By Over Two Feet, Global Models Predict", "Egypt fertile Nile Delta falls prey to climate change", "Cyprus wetlands in danger of being destroyed by climate change", "Other threats in the Mediterranean | Greenpeace International", "Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea. However, the deepest known part of the World Ocean is Challenger Deep, which has a depth of about 11 km. In this sea, there are at least 3,000 islands and thousands more aquatic creatures, which makes us wonder how deep the Mediterranean Sea is. Reductions in natural wealth may reduce the incentive for tourists to visit. [18], The Fatimids maintained trade relations with the Italian city-states like Amalfi and Genoa before the Crusades, according to the Cairo Geniza documents. The region around Vesuvius including the Phlegraean Fields Caldera west of Naples are quite active[123] and constitute the most densely populated volcanic region in the world where an eruptive event may occur within decades.[124]. Both "crises" resulted in broad connections between the mainlands of Africa and Europe, which allowed migrations of flora and faunaespecially large mammals including primatesbetween the two continents. These waters have different physical and chemical characteristics, and the periodic inversion of the North Ionian Gyre (called Bimodal Oscillating System or BiOS) changes the Mediterranean circulation and biogeochemistry around the Adriatic and Levantine regions. It lies between latitudes 30 and 46 N and longitudes 6 W and 36 E. How deep is Mediterranean Sea? Since 2013, over 700,000 migrants have landed in Italy,[33] mainly sub-Saharan Africans. 168 p. Politische Geographien Europas: Annherungen an ein umstrittenes Konstrukt, Anke Strver, LIT Verlag Mnster, 2005, p. 43. The Mediterranean - a sea surrounded by land | WWF Sediment samples from the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea that include evaporite minerals, soils, and fossil plants show that about 5 million years ago the strait was topographically blocked and the Sea had evaporated into a deep basin far lower in elevation than the oceans. . (2005). [73], In oceanography, it is sometimes called the Eurafrican Mediterranean Sea, the European Mediterranean Sea or the African Mediterranean Sea to distinguish it from mediterranean seas elsewhere. The Mediterranean Sea Is An Intercontinental Sea, That Separates Europe, Africa And Asia. [86] The cumulative warming at the surface of the Mediterranean has a significant impact on the ecological system. [81][83] Because of the changes in temperature and salinity, the Mediterranean Sea may become more stratified by the end of the 21st century, with notable consequences on water circulation and biogeochemistry. WOS :000285574100006. U.S. Navy's deep sea recovery system arrives in Canada for submersible Bthoux, J. P., Morin, P., Madec, C., and Gentili, B. [20] Genoa, Venice and Pisa created colonies in regions controlled by the Crusaders and came to control the trade with the Orient. in The Maritime Executive, 1 January 2020. 248257 (. The export of grains from Egypt was re-routed towards the Eastern world. Many rivers that originate in the Apennine Mountains drain into the Ligurian Sea. The Aegean is connected through the straits of the Dardanelles, the Sea of Marmara, and the Bosporus to . The Mediterranean Sea constitutes 0.7% of the global water surface and yet receives 17% of global marine oil pollution. The Sea of Crete is often referred to as the Cretan Sea or the Sea of Candia. [11], In Modern Standard Arabic, it is known as al-Bar [al-Abya] al-Mutawassi ( [] ) 'the [White] Middle Sea'. (Briand, Frederic, Ed.) The Alboran Sea, close to the Strait of Gibraltar, has a daily primary productivity of about 0.25 g C (grams of carbon) m2 day1 whereas the eastern basin has an average daily productivity of 0.16 g C m2 day1. As the naval prowess of the European powers increased, they confronted Ottoman expansion in the region when the Battle of Lepanto (1571) checked the power of the Ottoman Navy. The discharge of chemical tank washings and oily wastes also represent a significant source of marine pollution. In addition, Gibraltar and Ceuta, have coastlines on the sea. [69] Evaporation is especially high in its eastern half, causing the water level to decrease and salinity to increase eastward. Darius's canal was wide enough for two triremes to pass each other with oars extended and required four days to traverse.[17]. The deep layercontaining the great bulk of Mediterranean wateroccupies the remaining zone between the intermediate layer and the bottom. Noah's Not-so-big Flood - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution When Augustus founded the Roman Empire, the Romans referred to the Mediterranean as Mare Nostrum ("Our Sea"). [125] It is best known for its eruption in AD 79 that led to the burying and destruction of the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. The Mediterranean Sea includes 15 marginal seas:[36][failed verification], Note 1: The International Hydrographic Organization defines the area as generic Mediterranean Sea, in the Western Basin. During Mesozoic and Cenozoic times, as the northwest corner of Africa converged on Iberia, it lifted the Betic-Rif mountain belts across southern Iberia and northwest Africa. A study showed that climate change-related exceptional marine heatwaves in the Mediterranean Sea during 20152019 resulted in widespread mass sealife die-offs in five consecutive years. A major oil spill could occur at any time in any part of the Mediterranean. Deep water in the Mediterranean originates from three main areas: the Adriatic Sea, from which most of the deep water in the eastern Mediterranean originates, the Aegean Sea, and the Gulf of Lion. Nutrient concentrations in the western part of the basin are about double the concentrations in the eastern basin. [30] An Azerbaijani official described the sea as "a burial ground where people die". Vaso Seirinidou, "The Mediterranean" in Diana Mishkova, Balzs Trencsnyi, Rappoport, S. (Doctor of Philosophy, Basel). Oceanographic Research Papers, 39(9): 16411654. [44] These are the only three rivers with an average discharge of over 1,000m3/s (35,000cuft/s). [138], The coast of the Mediterranean has been used for tourism since ancient times, as the Roman villa buildings on the Amalfi Coast or in Barcola show. This resulted in more uniform, large-scale formations[of what?]. Deep-sea Atlas of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: state-of-the-art The Mediterranean response to different spacetime resolution atmospheric forcings using perpetual mode sensitivity simulations. The northernmost point of the Mediterranean is on the coast of the Gulf of Trieste near Monfalcone in northern Italy while the southernmost point is on the coast of the Gulf of Sidra near the Libyan town of El Agheila. This transitory switch in the origin of deep waters in the eastern Mediterranean was termed Eastern Mediterranean Transient (EMT) and had major consequences on water circulation of the Mediterranean. Accordingly, Red Sea species invade the Mediterranean biota, and not vice versa; this phenomenon is known as the Lessepsian migration (after Ferdinand de Lesseps, the French engineer) or Erythrean ("red") invasion. For example, some of the deforestation had already taken place before the Roman age. [39] Its size has been estimated between 4,000,000km2 (1,500,000sqmi) and 5,500,000km2 (2,100,000sqmi),[note 1] depending on whether non-active parts (deserts) are included or not. The countries have tried to extinguish rising human-made chaotic zones[clarification needed] that might affect the region's economies and societies in neighbouring coastal countries, and shipping routes. [127] The largest amount of funding requests in the EU relates to forest fires, followed by floods and earthquakes. 5 Deaths at Sea Gripped the World. Hundreds of Others Got a Shrug. Manarola, Cinque Terre, Italy, on the Ligurian coast. Major cities (municipalities), with populations larger than 200,000 people, bordering the Mediterranean Sea include: The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) divides the Mediterranean into a number of smaller waterbodies, each with their own designation (from west to east):[38]. In many cases this reflects an expansion favoured by a warming trend of sub-tropical Atlantic waters, and also by a fast-growing maritime traffic of the natural range of species that now enter the Mediterranean through the Strait of Gibraltar. Red Sea, Arabic Al-Bar Al-Amar, narrow strip of water extending southeastward from Suez, Egypt, for about 1,200 miles (1,930 km) to the Bab el-Mandeb Strait, which connects with the Gulf of Aden and thence with the Arabian Sea. The Gulf of Lion has a relatively high productivity because it is an area of high vertical mixing, bringing nutrients to the surface waters that can be used by phytoplankton to produce Chlorophyll a. Large islands in the Mediterranean include: The Alpine arc, which also has a great meteorological impact on the Mediterranean area, touches the Mediterranean in the west in the area around Nice. Many people use the terms "ocean" and "sea" interchangeably when speaking about the ocean, but there is a difference between the two terms when speaking of geography (the study of the Earth's surface). December 2019; Marcus Hernig: Die Renaissance der Seidenstrae (2018), pp 112; Hans Reis "Der Suezkanal die wichtigste von Menschen geschaffene Wasserstrasse wurde vor 150 Jahren gebaut und war oft umkmpft" In: Neue Zrcher Zeitung 17 November 2019; Bernhard Simon: Can The New Silk Road Compete With The Maritime Silk Road?
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how deep is the mediterranean sea
