miamisburg mound cancer

Teleconference Meeting of the Advisory Boards Work Group on the Mound Plant, Time/Location: Occupational Internal Dose [785 KB (59 pages)] Teleconference Meeting of the Advisory Boards Work Group on the Use of Surrogate, Time/Location: October 24, 2016, NIOSH/DCAS Memo: Validation and Verification of Mound Databases [687 KB (8 pages)] The height was indeterminable. In addition to the petitions listed above, one petition was received but did not qualify for evaluation. Occupational Environmental Dose [4 KB (111 pages)] Side A The facilities once here propelled the United States through the Nuclear and Space Ages and were named for the nearby pre-historic Miamisburg Mound. Their work was classified, Haller said. from the moment it came to the attention of civilized man it was known to be the work of human hands. These changes occurred on pages 6 and 7. Since that time occasional excavations by field workers of the Ohio Historical and Archaeological society have been conducted at the spot, but this mound has not been as prolific of relics as others opened in various parts of the state, notably the Seip group of mounds in the vicinity of Chillicothe. Revision Includes: Incorporates SEC-00090 and SEC-00171. The Miamisburg Mound is mostly surrounded by a residential neighborhood and adjacent to a golf course. Employees of the Department of Energy (DOE), its predecessor agencies, and DOE contractors or subcontractors who worked in any areas at the Mound Plant site from October 1, 1949, through February 28, 1959, for a number of work days aggregating at least 250 work days or in combination with work days within the parameters established for one or more other classes of employees in the SEC. Meeting of the Advisory Boards Work Group on Mound Plant, Retrospective Dose Reconstruction for Thorium-232 Activities at the Mound Laboratory [420 KB (33 pages)] April 2, 2012, Potential Stable Metal Tritide Exposures at the Mound Laboratory [1.5 MB (42 pages)] March 30, 2012, March 16, 2012POSTPONED Note: Agendas and transcripts for Board meetings will be posted on the Advisory Board and Public Meetings page as soon as they become available. #block-googletagmanagerheader .field { padding-bottom:0 !important; } (DOE 1997a) to quantify the potential for cancer and non-cancer health effects from long-term, low-level exposures to site-related contaminants in Parcel 6, 7, and 8. Kettering Health Medical Group Primary Care. transferred to the Miamisburg Mound Community Improvement Corporation (MMCIC). It can be real tough for them.. PDF The Miamisburg Mound State Memorial June 11, 2010 [34 KB (2 pages)](March 1, 1959 through March 5, 1980), July 14, 2010 [81 KB (11 pages)](March 1, 1959 through March 5, 1980), July 14, 2010 [38 KB (6 pages)](March 1, 1959 through March 5, 1980), Federal Register Notice: Designation/Determination Of a Class of Employees for Addition to the Special Exposure Cohort, July 30, 2010 [39 KB (1 page)](March 1, 1959 through March 5, 1980), August 13, 2010 (March 1, 1959 through March 5, 1980), August 23, 2010 [45 KB (2 pages)](March 1, 1959 through March 5, 1980), August 26, 2010 [20 KB (1 page)](March 1, 1959 through March 5, 1980), Job Titles and/or Job Duties: All workers potentially exposed to radioactive materials while working at the Mound Plant, Period of Employment: September 1, 1972 through December 31, 1972, and from January 1, 1975 through December 31, 1976, August 15, 2012 [268 KB (3 pages)] (September 1, 1972 through December 31, 1972, and from January 1, 1975 through December 31, 1976), September 28, 2012 [54 KB (1 page)] (September 1, 1972 through December 31, 1972, and from January 1, 1975 through December 31, 1976), September 6, 2012 [465 KB (39 pages)] (September 1, 1972 through December 31, 1972, and from January 1, 1975 through December 31, 1976), September 10, 2012 (September 1, 1972 through December 31, 1972, and from January 1, 1975 through December 31, 1976). It developed the Miamisburg Mound Comprehensive Reuse Plan . Pieces of this fabric are now in the museum at Ohio State University, and at the time I viewed them a few years ago they retained their original colors, showing that the Mound Builder was not a stranger to the dyes of which the American Indian has always been so fond. Previous versions of the is document are located on this page under the Document Archive for Technical Information Bulletins (TIBs) section. 1:30 p.m. Eastern Standard Time (EST) Page Change Revision Includes: Approved page change initiated to remove information pertaining to Monsanto Chemical Company, the subject of a class of employees added to the Special Exposure Cohort. Hallers wife Sandy, whom he met working at the Mound, is now a certified nurse aid for her husband. Constitutes a total rewrite or the document. Leiton said if an employees illness is terminal their claim will be expedited. : multiple. Sunday. (859) 586-0166 How did city officials allow this to happen? Miamisburg Mound - Ohio.org She helps with activities of daily living. Kettering Health is committed to transforming the healthcare experience for every person in our community. October 7, 2021, SC&A Draft: SC&AS Evaluation Of ORAUT-OTIB-0088, Revision 01, External Dose Reconstruction [296 KB (9 pages)] Added Special Exposure Cohort information pertaining to the SW Building in Section 2.1.3. Incorporates formal internal and NIOSH review comments. Mound Family Practice is a medical group practice located in Miamisburg, OH that specializes in Family Medicine. Copyright 2023 Kettering Health. The mound itself is on a large hilltop, so the views on a clear day go on for miles. Doctors have no knowledge what goes into a nuclear site, Haller said. But near the end, Haller said the company stopped using dosimeter badges and checking the workers for unsafe levels of radiation. By Lynn Hulsey May 15, 2019 A polluted former uranium enrichment plant in Piketon closed years ago but it's impact continues to resonate through the community, including this week when a middle. 2395 Progress Dr. Manuta said some cases within special exposure cohorts can be completed within three months, others like Bob Hallers go years. My lifes dream is to help those who cant help themselves, Haller said. Final Minutes [37 KB (7 pages)], January 18, 2005 Meeting with Dayton Building and Construction Trades Council No sections were deleted. Participant Code: 9933701. SC&A Presentation: A Review of ORAUT-OTIB-0087 for Extremity Doses for Mound Exposures to Plutonium-238 [246 KB (20 pages)] .cd-main-content p, blockquote {margin-bottom:1em;} At one place in one of the Seip group six skeletons were found grouped together in a specially constructed chamber of logs with a canopy of woven fabric. Approved August 11, 2004, Extremity Doses for Mound Exposures to Plutonium-238 [303 KB (14 pages)]. Named for the neighboring Adena earthworkone of the two . The 67-year-old former employee of the now-razed Mound Plant in Miamisburg is just one of over 106,000 nuclear plant workers in the nation to be granted federal medical benefits and compensation after developing illnesses from exposure to radiation while on the job. Added references on pages 5, 6, and 7, and added the Reference Section on page 8. Revision Includes: Incorporates SEC-00090, SEC-00171, and SEC-00207. 2395 Progress Dr. Approved October 6, 2004 [3 MB (113 pages)], Revised April 18, 2013 [524 KB (60 pages)]. Participant Code: 9933701, August 31, 2012 WASHINGTON The U.S. Department of Labor is notifying all former Mound Plant employees who worked at the Miamisburg, Ohio, site for a period of time between 1959 and 1980 about a new class of employees added to the Special Exposure Cohort of the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act. Every now and then some fellow, unable to resist the temptation to pry into the past, would shoulder a pick and shovel and amuse himself by cutting into the earth that formed this historic link with an earlier race. Contract No. Although discussion during a public meeting may cover pre-decisional documents, these documents often are not further revised or finalized, and thus do not reflect the final determination or evaluation of the Advisory Board and its Work Groups. July 2010, SC&A Preliminary Draft for the Mound Working Group Review: Mound Internal Data Adequacy and Completeness [262 KB (57 pages)] Teleconference: +1-866-659-0537 If the Miamisburg mound was not intended for signaling and as a chain in one of the western hemispheres first communication systems; if it really does hold far in its interior and deep down near its base secrets that our archaeologists would give much to learn, then they probably will go many more years undiscovered. Haller, as well as dedicated staff at CNS, are among those spreading the word to raise awareness among former and current energy workers and their surviving spouses and adult children. June 2010, SC&A Draft: Review of NIOSH Site Profile for the Mound Laboratory Site [2 MB (192 pages)] Miamisburg Mound - Miamisburg, Ohio - Atlas Obscura The Work Group may recommend to the Board, changes in the Site Profile as appropriate. The date was July 22, 1869. It shouldnt take 10 times, Leiton said, citing cases like Hallers. If it wasnt a curious desire to solve the secrets of the birds, what led the Wright brothers to invent the airplane? Made editorial changes and removed text and references for the Dayton Project. Fernald Feed Materials Production Center in Ross Twp. Constitutes a total rewrite of the document. Haller said the process for getting a claim approved included the need for a letter of medical necessity from a doctor. Miamisburg, OH 45342. April 19, 2012, SC&A Memo: Technical Conference Call, April 6, 2012: Clarification of Documentation Received by SC&A from NIOSH Regarding Ventilation of Radon in SW/R Buildings [27 KB (2 pages)] All employees of the Department of Energy, its predecessor agencies, and their contractors and subcontractors who worked at the Mound Plant in Miamisburg, Ohio, from September 1, 1972, through December 31, 1972, or from January 1, 1975, through December 31, 1976, for a number of work days aggregating at least 250 work days, occurring either solely under this employment or in combination with work days within the parameters established for one or more other classes of employees in the Special Exposure Cohort. Cancer Care Heart and Vascular Care Orthopedic Care Primary Care Women's Health Patients and Visitors. The petition was discussed by the Advisory Board on May 19, 2010, during its regular meeting. Second South Side in Bloom tour offers chance to explore, WASSO Garden Tour to include eclectic mix of stops, Enon launches contest to design first public mural, Springfield police respond to Saturday night shooting, 2 injured in crash between motorcycle and pickup truck in Clark County. About this Document: Assigns Mound internal doses based on coworker bioassay data. Incorporates formal internal and NIOSH review comments. Incorporates formal NIOSH review comments. 1:00 p.m. Eastern Standard Time (EST) .h1 {font-family:'Merriweather';font-weight:700;} Revision Includes: Revises Special Exposure Cohort and to add attribution and annotation information. About 49 percent of claims to the energy illness compensation program are approved, according to data on its website. In the burial mound where the six skeletons were found lying side by side and many others were found buried singly at widely scattered points with in the mound the geologists found numerous ceremonial pipes. Incorporates formal NIOSH review comments. 200-2009-28555 June 1, 2012, NIOSH/DCAS: NIOSH Response to SC&As January 12, 2012 Memo Report on Adequacy and Completeness of Mound Internal Dosimetry [106 KB (4 pages)] May 29, 2012, NIOSH/DCAS: NIOSH Responses to SC&As Thorium Report of May 8, 2012 [89 KB (4 pages)] May 29, 2012, SC&A Draft: Mound Laboratory Site Potential Exposures to Stable Metal Tritides [1.5 MB (92 pages)] May 24, 2012, SC&As Evaluation of NIOSHs April 2012 Mound Laboratory Th-232 White Paper [33 KB (5 pages)] May 2012, April 10, 2012 Mound Laboratory -- - Mound Laboratory (Mound ~acilit~)' ADDRESS: LOCATION: MISSION: MANAGEMENT: ESTABLISHMENT: BUDGET: PERSONNEL: FACILITIES; Historv Monsanto Research Corporation1 Mound P.O. Below Miamisburg, and near the Cincinnati pike as one approaches Franklin, is another bluff similar to the one near Dayton. If the Mound Builders had a system of smoke code messages, as it is reasonable to believe they did the same as the Indians, who came after them, then it was possible for them to communicate with each other on a clear day through this means. Constitutes a total rewrite of the document. NIOSH required language was revised on page 7 in Section 5.1. Saturday. Meeting Type: Face-to-Face; Public, No Comment Period, Holiday Inn Cincinnati Airport Mound Cold War Discovery Center (Miamisburg) - Tripadvisor ]]>*/, OWCP News Release: [09/07/2010] No changes occurred as a result of formal NIOSH review. Box 32 Miamisburg, OH 45342 51 31865-4020 Miamisburg, Ohio, south of Day- ton; 180-acre site2 The production of non-nuclear components of nuclear weapons, Meeting of the Advisory Boards Work Group on Mound Plant, Time/Location: September 19, 2012, NIOSH Presentation: Mound Plant SEC Petition (1980-2007) [88 KB (6 pages)] In 1956, my parents bought a new home in a lovely neighborhood for their growing family. The. Brief historical background of Miamisburg Indian Mound - OSTI.GOV Meeting of the Advisory Boards Work Group on the Mound Plant, Time/Location: Page Change Revision Includes: Approved page change initiated to remove information pertaining to Monsanto Chemical Company, the subject of a class of employees added to the Special Exposure Cohort. PDF Miamisburg Closure Project Miamisburg, Ohio Page Change Revision Includes: Page change to correct organ dose estimates in Table 3-4 on page 7, in Section 3. This, too, is taken to indicate that the mounds of the Paint creek valley were used for entirely different purposes than the one, and about the only one, known to the Miami Valley. Internet Explorer is no longer supported by Microsoft and this website will not display correctly when using Internet Explorer. July 06, 2012, SC&A Memo: Reply to NIOSH Comments on SC&As Thorium Report of May 2, 2012 [35 KB (5 pages)] These skewers or pegs were from six to 12 inches long and made of the leg bones of the deer. April 2, 2008 (October 1, 1949, through February 28, 1959). Teleconference: +1-866-659-0537 The Journal-News started digging into this story after a reader shared his own experience. Immediately above the skeleton, and between it and the baked surface of the grave, a peculiar fatty richness of the earth was apparent, doubtless enriched by the decayed substance of the body, seeming that one might almost wring grease from it. Kettering Health Medical Group Internal Medicine Center The 67-year-old former employee of the now-razed Mound Plant in Miamisburg is just one of over 106,000 nuclear plant workers in the nation to be granted federal medical benefits and. Note: Title was changed from "Internal Dosimetry Coworker Data for the Mound Site" to "Internal Dosimetry Co-Exposure Data for the Mound Plant" for consistency with DOE site name and accurately describe the coworker model as a co-exposure model. Up to Thursday evening a depth of 33 feet had been obtained. He was granted a lump sum as well as a medical benefits card thats like gold.. 2115 Leiter Road Ste. Federal Register Notice: Final Effect of Designation of a Class of Employees for Addition to the Special Exposure Cohort, May 1, 2008 [51 KB (2 pages)](October 1, 1949 through February 28, 1959), Letter to DOL Regarding the Addition of a New Class of Employees to the SEC, April 4, 2008 [42 KB (1 page)](October 1, 1949 through February 28, 1959), October 3, 2007 [2.3 MB (16 pages)] Revision Includes: Incorporates an evaluation of MHI absorption type for 238Pu. Google Chrome | Apple Safari | Firefox | Microsoft Edge. Then followed a layer of ashes and charcoal, showing that fire was used in their peculiar ceremony of burial and tracing in distinct outlines the shape of the grave, the baked appearance of clay, indicating the fire to have been of considerable magnitude. September 19, 2012, NIOSH/DCAS: Responses to Action Items Introduced During the Mound Work Group Meeting of June 5, 2012 [1 MB (17 pages)] About this Document: Calculates extremity to whole-body ratios for work performed at Mound for work with Pu-238. Written history cannot carry you back to the day the Miamisburg mound, as we now know it, was placed there, so the matter of fixing such dates is an impossibility. A lot of people give up, but Bob doesnt give up, Manuta said. The Miamisburg Mound is a burial mound, and 877' in circumference at the base and covers approximately 1-1/2 acres. Revision Includes: Adds Special Exposure Cohort Section 4.1.3. Just a few years ago excavations into one of these mounds revealed the methods employed by the Mound builders in interring their dead, and there was not found in the Miamisburg mound anything to compare with it. Haller is also a client of Critical Nurse Staffing, Inc., a national company providing in-home care to former energy workers since 2006. NIOSH required language was revised on page 5 in Section 2.0. Beginning with Mound Road, spreading back Marsha Drive and all along Meadowview Drive, one and in most households, both parent experienced different types of malignant disease, i.e. The ramps, rails, everything is medically prescribed. Former Mound workers may get special medical status - Dayton Daily News Our mother had already undergone radical mastectomy and radiation for breast cancer prior to age 50; she would later die of mesothelioma. PDF HHS Designation of Additional Members of the - Centers for Disease In the first place it is something possessed by every human being, at some stage in life, an in the second place it's the one thing everyone denies having. The laboratory grew out of the World War II era Dayton Project (a site within the Manhattan Project) where the neutron generating triggers for the first plutonium bombs were developed. 9:00 a.m. Eastern Standard Time (EST) 797 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MoundEle. Page Change Revision Includes: Approved page change initiated to remove information pertaining to Monsanto Chemical Company, the subject of a class of employees added to the Special Exposure Cohort. Figures 2-1 and 2-2 from the previous revision were deleted. The project would cost about $2 . 75D30119C04183 The mound has stood there for a good many hundred years; it should remain for hundreds of years to come. Two of them are in the effigy of birds, one a squatting owl and the other a bird with outspread wings resembling the whippoorwill. Any way you look at it, curiosity is a funny thing. It has been estimated to contain 54,000 cubic yards of earth. Contact the Department of Labors resource center: Address: 1200 Gay Street, Portsmouth, Ohio 45662, More info: www.dol.gov/owcp/energy/index.htm. Please ensure that you are using a supported browser by downloading from one of the links below. If the energy employees personal radiation information is incomplete, NIOSH will use other sources to estimate the radiation dose. Participant Code: 9933701, NIOSH/DCAS: Responses to Action Items Introduced During the Mound Work Group Meeting of June 5, 2012 [1 MB (17 pages)] August 22, 2012, August 7, 2012CANCELLED In this revision, Figure 2-1 was formerly Figure 2-3. Hallers illness involves a lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements, causing him to fall a lot. The Mound Plant is located on 305 acres within the southern city limits of Miamisburg, Ohio and is approximately ten miles southwest of Dayton and 45 miles north of Cincinnati. Meta's new AI is being used to create sex chatbots - The Washington Post Clarifies statement in section 4.2.4 to indicate that submersion dose from effluent was not included in onsite ambient dose. Based on a recommendation from the Advisory Board to provide workers and site experts with opportunities to participate in developing the technical documents used in dose reconstruction, NIOSH established a Worker Outreach Program. The theory that the Miamisburg mound was intended by its builders for signaling purposes instead of a place of burial is borne out by the recent results of recent explorations in the Seip mounds near Chillicothe. October 31, 2012 [63 KB (2 pages)] (September 1, 1972, through December 31, 1972, or from January 1, 1975, through December 31, 1976), December 7, 2012 [60 KB (10 pages)] (September 1, 1972, through December 31, 1972, or from January 1, 1975, through December 31, 1976), December 7, 2012 [32 KB (5 pages)] (September 1, 1972, through December 31, 1972, or from January 1, 1975, through December 31, 1976), December 28, 2012 [57 KB (2 pages)] (September 1, 1972, through December 31, 1972, or from January 1, 1975, through December 31, 1976), January 6, 2013 (September 1, 1972, through December 31, 1972, or from January 1, 1975, through December 31, 1976), January 17, 2013 [49 KB (1 page)] (September 1, 1972, through December 31, 1972, or from January 1, 1975, through December 31, 1976), January 7, 2013 [90 KB (1 page)] (September 1, 1972, through December 31, 1972, or from January 1, 1975, through December 31, 1976). Meeting type: Face-to-Face; Open to Public; No Public Comment Period, Transcript: Tuesday, May 27 [527 KB (314 pages)], Transcript: Wednesday, May 28 [446 KB (265 pages)], April 20-21, 2009POSTPONED Site of Mound Laboratory (1946- 2003) Historical Marker The Great Miami River flows southwest through the city of Miamisburg and dominates the geography of the region surrounding the site. These changes occurred on pages 6 13, 15, 16, 18, and 20 in Sections 2.0, 2.2, and 2.3, respectively. NIOSH required language was revised on page 5 in Section 1.0. More information about the Special Exposure Cohort can be found on our Frequently Asked Questions page. Contract No. Visit Miamisburg Mound is one of the two largest conical mounds in eastern North America. Mound Laboratory Miamisburg, Ohio Waste Lands: America's forgotten PDF Radioactive Tritium in the Environment Surrounding the Department of The chamber had been constructed of logs placed above one another and secured in place by large stones, both outside and inside; most of the stones, however, were inside, placed thus to assist the logs in withstanding the pressure of the earth around the sides and from above. It is believed that those people interred in it were placed there over a long period of time. Makes changes to Tables 3-6, 3-7 and 3-8 on pages 9 and 10 as requested by NIOSH. Today, the site hosts an exhibit about nuclear research along with artifacts of the time - eerie glow-in-dark dishware and signage urging nuclear workers to "leave shop talk here." Written April 24, 2021. An agenda to be provided at a later date. It was so full of plutonium, Haller said. Recently a very general desire was expressed that the mound should be explored. An official website of the United States government. March 7, 2013, NIOSH Presentation: Mound Plant SEC Petition (1972, 1975-1976) (83.14) [156 KB (8 pages)] This article appeared in the Dayton Daily News, February 28, 1932. 2:00 p.m. Eastern Standard Time (EST) Corrects references to sections 4.2.5, 4.2.6 and 4.2.7 in the first paragraph of section 4.2.2. Revised July 2, 2019. Incorporates formal internal and NIOSH review comments. It was determined that Bob Hallers development of ataxia, a neurological disorder, was due to his exposure to radiation on the job. Introduction [97 KB (9 pages)] Since the Miamisburg mound was found to be the largest in the state, in actual dimensions, and yet gave up the fewest number of skeletons and aboriginal ornaments and artifacts, puzzled the earlier archaeologists of the country. This may involve using technical documents called Site Profiles, Technical Basis Documents, and Technical Information Bulletins. Changes numerical values and units in Table 4-20 from Sieverts to rem to be consistent with dose reconstruction reporting. Teleconference Meeting of the Advisory Boards Work Group on the Mound Plant, Time/Location: We would dump these big loads of contaminated soil and it would get on my legs.. You must be signed in to save park lists. The site is secure. The Labor Departments role is to adjudicate these claims based on the new SEC class definitions as determined and introduced by the HHS. Constitutes a total rewrite of the document. Constitutes a total rewrite of the document. Teleconference: +1-866-659-0537 Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. I lived there until 1966. 9:00 a.m. Eastern Standard Time (EST) September 6, 2016, NIOSH/DCAS: NIOSH Response Review of Remaining Site Profile Issues for Mound Laboratory [431 KB (7 pages)] The petition was discussed by the Advisory Board on September 19, 2012, during its regular meeting. Across the street from the Miamisburg Adena Indian Mound. Page Change Revision March 31, 2006 [128 KB (18 pages)]. Locations; Browse All Locations . That the news hound did his work well and intelligently, however, is indicated from this report, taken from the files of a local paper dated July 24, 1869: We gave a brief item the other day of the exploration of the mammoth mound on the farm of Dr. John Treon near Miamisburg. Shares the story and maintains the legacy of Mound Laboratory Mound Family Practice, Miamisburg, OH - Healthgrades .manual-search ul.usa-list li {max-width:100%;} References were updated on pages 42 and 45. The belief of the archaeologist is that this, too, was a link in the chain, and that other high points on down along the river served the same purpose. They need oxygen, medications and to be monitored. Any way you look at it, curiosity is a funny thing. September 3, 2021, SC&A Memo: Application of NOCTS Data 2021 [333 KB (8 pages)] Document No. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. Hebron, KY 41048 Meeting of the Advisory Boards Work Group on Mound Plant, Time/Location: It took two years and 10 attempts but Bob Haller of Trenton finally struck gold.. Miamisburg, OH 45342-3698. Beginning in 1960, the Mound released radioactive tritium into the air and contaminated the soil with plutonium-238. Erosion over such a long period of time would serve to greatly reduce its height. Page Change Revision Includes: Page change initiated to include boilerplate language in Section 3.1 on pages 5 and 6. Revised March 28, 2013. Are you 65 or older? 2395 Progress Dr. Curiosity is at the bottom of every shovelful of dirt they remove from one of these mounds; curiosity prompts every moment of study they devote to the bones and artifacts taken from those silent hills. Revised March 14, 2013. The mound is visible from several miles away because it stands atop a 100 foot high ridge above the Great Miami . None of these attempts was on a pretentious scale, however, so it is easy to imagine the interest that must have swept the valley when announcement was made back in 1869 that explorations on a gigantic scale were to be conducted.

Subtle Signs She's Not The One, Rooms For Rent With Private Bathroom, Per Diem School Nurse, Antigua Guatemala Wedding Venues, Articles M

miamisburg mound cancer