The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, often shortened to Hamlet (/hmlt/), is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare sometime between 1599 and 1601. Counting the number of lines varies between editions, partly because prose sections in the play may be formatted with varied lengths. [7] Several ancient written precursors to Hamlet can be identified. [140] In the late 20th century, David Foster Wallace's novel Infinite Jest draws heavily from Hamlet and takes its title from the play's text; Wallace incorporates references to the gravedigger scene, the marriage of the main character's mother to his uncle, and the re-appearance of the main character's father as a ghost. Ophelia, by some critics, can be seen as honest and fair; however, it is virtually impossible to link these two traits, since 'fairness' is an outward trait, while 'honesty' is an inward trait. [95], Hamlet's soliloquies have also captured the attention of scholars. [178] From the 1850s, the Parsi theatre tradition in India transformed Hamlet into folk performances, with dozens of songs added. This article is about the play by William Shakespeare. "Touring Shakespeare". "[92], An unusual rhetorical device, hendiadys, appears in several places in the play. [66][67] Though it remained popular with mass audiences, late 17th-century Restoration critics saw Hamlet as primitive and disapproved of its lack of unity and decorum. Hamlet", was produced on Broadway for 131 performances in 1945/46. Polonius, spying on the conversation from behind a tapestry, calls for help as Gertrude, believing Hamlet wants to kill her, calls out for help herself. WebGertrude The Queen of Denmark, Hamlets mother, recently married to Claudius. [90] Thompson and Taylor consider the brothel idea incorrect considering that "Hamlet is trying to deter Ophelia from breeding". [aside] A little more than kin, and less than kind! Next. His reaction convinces Claudius that Hamlet is not mad for love. The plot is the developing revelation of Hamlet's view of what is "rotten in the state of Denmark." .Shakespeare's victory over time and tailoring was swift and sweeping. Baum would later recount the actual story in an article, but the short story is told from the point of view of the actor playing the ghost. there are texts of this play but no text". Laertes. Speeches (Lines) for Ophelia. In, O'Connor, Marion. "Improving Shakespeare: from the Restoration to Garrick". Ophelia. Meanwhile, Claudius talks to himself about the impossibility of repenting, since he still has possession of his ill-gotten goods: his brother's crown and wife. Three different early versions of the play survive: known as the First Quarto ("Q1"), Second Quarto ("Q2"), and First Folio ("F1"), each has linesand even scenesmissing in the others, and some character names vary. Hamlet reflects the contemporary scepticism promoted by the French Renaissance humanist Michel de Montaigne. He suggests that "It may be that we were all destined to direct our first sexual impulses toward our mothers, and our first impulses of hatred and violence toward our fathers." [253], David Davalos's Wittenberg is a "tragical-comical-historical" prequel to Hamlet that depicts the Danish prince as a student at Wittenberg University (now known as the University of Halle-Wittenberg), where he is torn between the conflicting teachings of his mentors John Faustus and Martin Luther. On a dark winter night, a ghost walks the ramparts of Elsinore Castle in Denmark. For its protagonist, see, Hattaway asserts that "Richard Burbage played Hieronimo and also Richard III but then was the first Hamlet, Lear, and Othello". Showalter points out that Ophelia has become the symbol of the distraught and hysterical woman in modern culture. When Shakespeare wrote, there were many stories about sons avenging the murder of their fathers, and many about clever avenging sons pretending to be foolish in order to outsmart their foes. "Shakespeare in North America". Hamlet lines Hamlet is Shakespeare's most popular, and most puzzling, play. . [244], Kenneth Branagh adapted, directed, and starred in a 1996 film version of Hamlet that contained material from the First Folio and the Second Quarto. "Shakespeare on the Political Stage in the Twentieth Century". [84], Of all the characters, Hamlet has the greatest rhetorical skill. Laertes arrives back from France, enraged by his father's death and his sister's madness. WebHamlet - Wikipedia Hamlet The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, often shortened to Hamlet ( / hmlt / ), is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare sometime between 1599 and 1601. New historicist and cultural materialist critics examined the play in its historical context, attempting to piece together its original cultural environment. Ophelia is overwhelmed by having her unfulfilled love for him so abruptly terminated and drifts into the oblivion of insanity. Only two copies are extant. Speeches (Lines) for Horatio. In, Reformation in DenmarkNorway and Holstein, Bartlett's Familiar Quotations (14th ed. "[h], In London, Edmund Kean was the first Hamlet to abandon the regal finery usually associated with the role in favour of a plain costume, and he is said to have surprised his audience by playing Hamlet as serious and introspective. In, Morrison, Michael A. Claudius hastily married King Hamlet's widow, Gertrude, Hamlet's mother, and took the throne for himself. Claudius and Polonius spy on Ophelia as she meets with Hamlet. WebSpeeches (Lines) for Hamlet. Hamlet and Horatio initially hide, but when Hamlet realizes that Ophelia is the one being buried, he reveals himself, proclaiming his love for her. Hamlet [110] Freud suggests that Hamlet's sexual aversion expressed in his "nunnery" conversation with Ophelia supports the idea that Hamlet is "an hysterical subject". Hamlet All references to Hamlet, unless otherwise specified, are taken from the Arden Shakespeare Q2. "Shakespeare and Movie Genre: The Case of, Marsden, Jean I. Next. WebLines 10-13: In the opening scene of the play, the ghost of King Hamlet tells his son, "The serpent that did sting thy father's life / Now wears his crown." Discovered first by a pair of watchmen, then by the scholar Horatio, the ghost resembles the recently deceased King Hamlet, whose brother Claudius has inherited the throne and married the kings widow, Queen Gertrude. Tom Stoppard's 1966 play Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead retells many of the events of the story from the point of view of the characters Rosencrantz and Guildenstern and gives them a backstory of their own. [72] These developments represented a fundamental change in literary criticism, which came to focus more on character and less on plot. The Ghost arrives shortly after midnight in at least two of the scenes, and in the other scenes, all that is known is that it is night. Hamlet does well at first, leading the match by two hits to none, and Gertrude raises a toast to him using the poisoned glass of wine Claudius had set aside for Hamlet. The play is a series of scenes and songs, and was first staged at a public swimming pool in Brooklyn. Hamlet [2], Three different early versions of the play are extant: the First Quarto (Q1, 1603); the Second Quarto (Q2, 1604); and the First Folio (F1, 1623). Laertes and Hamlet fight by Ophelia's graveside, but the brawl is broken up. [d] As such, it reverberates through the writing of later centuries. How many lines Hamlet The lines in Hamlet varies by how the lines are counted. [192] Ivor Brown reported, "Many of the first night audience came to scoff and remained to hold its breath, to marvel and enjoy. Speeches (Lines) for Horatio. It follows the form of a "revenge tragedy," in which the hero, Hamlet, seeks vengeance against his father's murderer, his uncle Claudius, now the king of Denmark. Claudius's speech is rich with rhetorical figuresas is Hamlet's and, at times, Ophelia'swhile the language of Horatio, the guards, and the gravediggers is simpler. I suspect most people just won't want to read a three-text play [multi-text editions are] a version of the play that is out of touch with the needs of a wider public. [196][197] In China, performances of Hamlet often have political significance: Gu Wuwei's 1916 The Usurper of State Power, an amalgam of Hamlet and Macbeth, was an attack on Yuan Shikai's attempt to overthrow the republic. The results can be shown in ascending or descending order by clicking on the headword above each column. Its hero, Lucius ("shining, light"), changes his name and persona to Brutus ("dull, stupid"), playing the role of a fool to avoid the fate of his father and brothers, and eventually slaying his family's killer, King Tarquinius. WebYou can buy the Arden text of this play from the Amazon.com online bookstore: Hamlet (Arden Shakespeare: Third Series) or Hamlet: The Texts of 1603 and 1623: Third Series - Paperback (The Arden Shakespeare Third Series) Entire play in one page. The audience identifies with the character of Hamlet, because "we are victims of the same conflict." "Shakespeare on the Stages of Asia". [202] Although "posterity has treated Maurice Evans less kindly", throughout the 1930s and 1940s he was regarded by many as the leading interpreter of Shakespeare in the United States and in the 1938/39 season he presented Broadway's first uncut Hamlet, running four and a half hours. Polonius blames love for Hamlet's madness and resolves to inform Claudius and Gertrude. Polonius The Lord Chamberlain of Claudiuss court, a pompous, conniving old man. [112], Freud points out that Hamlet is an exception in that psychopathic characters are usually ineffective in stage plays; they "become as useless for the stage as they are for life itself", because they do not inspire insight or empathy, unless the audience is familiar with the character's inner conflict. Characters in Hamlet [157], The play was revived early in the Restoration. Who can believe Eliot, when he exposes his own Hamlet Complex by declaring the play to be an aesthetic failure? Hamlet intends to study Claudius's reaction to the play, and thereby determine the truth of the ghost's story of Claudius's guilt. [232][233], In 2018, The Globe Theatre's newly instated artistic director Michelle Terry played the role in a production notable for its gender-blind casting. [189] The production attracted enthusiastic and unprecedented worldwide attention for the theatre and placed it "on the cultural map for Western Europe". Branagh's Hamlet runs for just over four hours. Modern editors generally follow this traditional division but consider it unsatisfactory; for example, after Hamlet drags Polonius's body out of Gertrude's bedchamber, there is an act-break[55] after which the action appears to continue uninterrupted. [198] In the immediate aftermath of the collapse of the protests at Tiananmen Square, Lin Zhaohua staged a 1990 Hamlet in which the prince was an ordinary individual tortured by a loss of meaning. [110][111], Freud suggests that the character Hamlet goes through an experience that has three characteristics, which he numbered: 1) "the hero is not psychopathic, but becomes so" during the course of the play. [164] His performance was said to be 20 minutes longer than anyone else's, and his lengthy pauses provoked the suggestion by Richard Brinsley Sheridan that "music should be played between the words". Much of its fascination, however, The New York Times reviewed the play, saying, "Mr. Davalos has molded a daft campus comedy out of this unlikely convergence,"[254] and Nytheatre.com's review said the playwright "has imagined a fascinating alternate reality, and quite possibly, given the fictional Hamlet a back story that will inform the role for the future. WebI,3,493. [34], The phrase "little eyases"[38] in the First Folio (F1) may allude to the Children of the Chapel, whose popularity in London forced the Globe company into provincial touring. He concludes, "The Oedipus complex is a misnomer. It was called the "most in-demand theatre production of all time" and sold out in seven hours after tickets went on sale 11 August 2014, more than a year before the play opened. )[29], "Any dating of Hamlet must be tentative", states the New Cambridge editor, Phillip Edwards. Lines [138] In the 1990s, two novelists were explicitly influenced by Hamlet. [160] In the title role, Davenant cast Thomas Betterton, who continued to play the Dane until he was 74. Much of Several times since 1995, the American Shakespeare Center has mounted repertories that included both Hamlet and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, with the same actors performing the same roles in each; in their 2001 and 2009 seasons the two plays were "directed, designed, and rehearsed together to make the most out of the shared scenes and situations". A reasonably faithful version of Saxo's story was translated into French in 1570 by Franois de Belleforest, in his Histoires tragiques. [47], Early editors of Shakespeare's works, beginning with Nicholas Rowe (1709) and Lewis Theobald (1733), combined material from the two earliest sources of Hamlet available at the time, Q2 and F1. Freud considered that Sophocles tragedy, Oedipus Rex, with its story that involves crimes of parricide and incest, "has furnished us with legendary matter which corroborates" these ideas, and that the "profound and universal validity of the old legends" is understandable only by recognizing the validity of these theories of "infantile psychology". Productions of Hamlet have used Freud's ideas to support their own interpretations. [68][69] This view changed drastically in the 18th century, when critics regarded Hamlet as a heroa pure, brilliant young man thrust into unfortunate circumstances. Act 1, Scene 3: A room in Polonius' house. It is Shakespeare's longest play, with 29,551 words. Before then, he was either mad, or not; either a hero, or not; with no in-betweens. ", Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Guide to Shakespeare, p. vii, Avenal Books, 1970. Gertrude collapses and, claiming she has been poisoned, dies. WebYou can buy the Arden text of this play from the Amazon.com online bookstore: Hamlet (Arden Shakespeare: Third Series) or Hamlet: The Texts of 1603 and 1623: Third Series - Paperback (The Arden Shakespeare Third Series) Entire play in one page. Claudius grants permission for Polonius's son Laertes to return to school in France, and he sends envoys to inform the King of Norway about Fortinbras. Titled Globe to Globe Hamlet, it began its tour on 23 April 2014, the 450th anniversary of Shakespeare's birth, and performed in 197 countries. Gertrude loves Hamlet deeply, but she is a shallow, weak woman who seeks affection and status more urgently than moral rectitude or truth. Act 1, Scene 1: Elsinore.A platform before the castle. Read an in-depth analysis of Gertrude. The readiness is all. WebSpeeches (Lines) for Claudiusin "Hamlet"Total: 102. Lacan postulated that the human psyche is determined by structures of language and that the linguistic structures of Hamlet shed light on human desire. Speeches (Lines) for Claudius. That night on the rampart, the ghost appears to Hamlet, tells the prince that he was murdered by Claudius, and demands that Hamlet avenge the murder. "Women and Shakespearean Performance". However, the scene order is more coherent, without the problems of Q2 and F1 of Hamlet seeming to resolve something in one scene and enter the next drowning in indecision. It follows the form of a "revenge tragedy," in which the hero, Hamlet, seeks vengeance against his father's murderer, his uncle Claudius, now the king of Denmark. WebLines 10-13: In the opening scene of the play, the ghost of King Hamlet tells his son, "The serpent that did sting thy father's life / Now wears his crown." WebI,3,493. The day we see Hamlet die in the theatre, something of him dies for us. Hamlet has roughly, 4,042 lines in the play. David Warner played the role with the Royal Shakespeare Theatre in 1965. [114] He had a "blunter intention" than presenting the genteel, sweet prince of 19th-century tradition, imbuing his character with virility and lust.[115]. Possibly written by Thomas Kyd or by Shakespeare, the Ur-Hamlet would have existed by 1589, and would have incorporated a ghost. Similarly, the play-within-a-play is used by Hamlet to reveal his step-father's hidden nature. A 17th-century Nordic scholar, Torfaeus, compared the Icelandic hero Amli (Amlodi) and the hero Prince Ambales (from the Ambales Saga) to Shakespeare's Hamlet. [20] However, Stephen Greenblatt has argued that the coincidence of the names and Shakespeare's grief for the loss of his son may lie at the heart of the tragedy. Hamlet-like legends are so widely found (for example in Italy, Spain, Scandinavia, Byzantium, and Arabia) that the core "hero-as-fool" theme is possibly Indo-European in origin. Fortinbras, who was ostensibly marching towards Poland with his army, arrives at the palace, along with an English ambassador bringing news of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern's deaths. Act 1, Scene 3: A room in Polonius' house. In act two, Claudius asks Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to spy on Hamlet. Barry Jackson's Birmingham Repertory Theatre opened their production, directed by H.K. Learning of the ghost from Horatio, Hamlet resolves to see it himself. Speeches (Lines) for Claudius. [80] Hamlet is by far the longest play that Shakespeare wrote, and one of the longest plays in the Western canon. Unhinged by grief at Polonius's death, Ophelia wanders Elsinore. WebHamlet has more lines than any other character in Shakespeare, and nearly 40% of the lines in his playthe highest proportion of lines Shakespeare ever gave to a single character. Much of its fascination, however, How many lines / To die, to sleep, is that all? [187][l] The most famous aspect of the production is Craig's use of large, abstract screens that altered the size and shape of the acting area for each scene, representing the character's state of mind spatially or visualising a dramaturgical progression. [194] In Poland, the number of productions of Hamlet has tended to increase at times of political unrest, since its political themes (suspected crimes, coups, surveillance) can be used to comment on a contemporary situation. The lines in Hamlet varies by how the lines are counted. [195] Similarly, Czech directors have used the play at times of occupation: a 1941 Vinohrady Theatre production "emphasised, with due caution, the helpless situation of an intellectual attempting to endure in a ruthless environment". print/save view. Aye all: / No, to sleep, to dream, aye marry there it goes." Ophelia. Claudius also questions Hamlet regarding his continuing to grieve for his father, and forbids him to return to his university in Wittenberg. Speeches (Lines) for Gertrude. [102] Prior to Montaigne's time, humanists such as Pico della Mirandola had argued that man was God's greatest creation, made in God's image and able to choose his own nature, but this view was subsequently challenged in Montaigne's Essais of 1580. Claudius convinces Laertes that Hamlet is solely responsible, but a letter soon arrives indicating that Hamlet has returned to Denmark, foiling Claudius's plan. Read an in-depth analysis of Gertrude. Gertrude loves Hamlet deeply, but she is a shallow, weak woman who seeks affection and status more urgently than moral rectitude or truth. [a] Other editors have continued to argue the need for well-edited editions taking material from all versions of the play. Unable to see or hear the ghost herself, Gertrude takes Hamlet's conversation with it as further evidence of madness. [13], According to one theory, Shakespeare's main source may be an earlier playnow lostknown today as the Ur-Hamlet. [56], Q1 was discovered in 1823. In Angela Carter's Wise Children, To be or not to be is reworked as a song and dance routine, and Iris Murdoch's The Black Prince has Oedipal themes and murder intertwined with a love affair between a Hamlet-obsessed writer, Bradley Pearson, and the daughter of his rival. [235], An early film version of Hamlet is Sarah Bernhardt's five-minute film of the fencing scene,[236] which was produced in 1900. WebThis table gives a line count for each character in the plays. WebSpeeches (Lines) for Opheliain "Hamlet"Total: 58. "[107], These ideas, which became a cornerstone of Freud's psychological theories, he named the "Oedipus complex", and, at one point, he considered calling it the "Hamlet complex". In 1936 Andrew Cairncross suggested that, until more becomes known, it may be assumed that Shakespeare wrote the Ur-Hamlet. After seeing the Player King murdered by his rival pouring poison in his ear, Claudius abruptly rises and runs from the room; for Hamlet, this is proof of his uncle's guilt. [252], Caridad Svich's 12 Ophelias (a play with broken songs) includes elements of the story of Hamlet but focuses on Ophelia. Ayliff at the Kingsway Theatre on August 25, 1925. [51] Their referencing system for Q1 has no act breaks, so 7.115 means scene 7, line 115. Prince Hamlet of Denmark is the son of the recently deceased King Hamlet, and nephew of King Claudius, his father's brother and successor. [28] G. R. Hibbard hypothesised that differences in names (Corambis/Polonius:Montano/Raynoldo) between the First Quarto and other editions might reflect a desire not to offend scholars at Oxford University. WebWhat follows is an overview of the main characters in William Shakespeare's Hamlet, followed by a list and summary of the minor characters from the play. Hamlet 1968), "Cook, Eyre, Lee And More Join Jude Law In Grandage's, "Sherlock star Andrew Scott to play Hamlet in new UK production", "Shakespeare's Globe casts its own artistic director as Hamlet", "Benedict Cumberbatch as 'Hamlet' Opens Next Year, And Is Now Sold Out", "Jude Law to play Hamlet at 'home' Kronborg Castle", "Jack Manning, Character Actor, Dies at 93", "The Death of Hamnet and the Making of Hamlet", "Dueling Mentors Bedevil a Dithering Young Dane", "Bollywood returns to their favourite destination Kashmir", "The dipus-Complex as an Explanation of Hamlet's Mystery: A Study in Motive", "International Magazine Recalls Reeves' Reign As Hamlet", "The Displaced Body of Desire: Sexuality in Kenneth Branagh's, "Cumberbatch's Hamlet most in-demand show of all time", "Kenneth Branagh to Direct Tom Hiddleston in, "Big Leagues: Specters of Milton and Republican International Justice between Shakespeare and Marx", "Every Exit is an Entrance Someplace Else", "Billy Howle Joined by Niamh Cusack and Mirren Mack in, "Fifth Avenue Theater Edwin Booth as Hamlet", Depictions and commentary of Hamlet paintings, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamlet&oldid=1164303018, Player King, Player Queen, Lucianus, etc. [39] This became known as the War of the Theatres, and supports a 1601 dating. [15] However, no copy of the Ur-Hamlet has survived, and it is impossible to compare its language and style with the known works of any of its putative authors. Lines Hamlet then asks the actors to stage The Murder of Gonzago, a play featuring a death in the style of his father's murder. Hamlet ShakespearesWords.com John Gielgud directed Richard Burton in a Broadway production at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre in 196465, the longest-running Hamlet in the U.S. to date. Hamlet, after welcoming the actors and dismissing his friends-turned-spies, asks them to deliver a soliloquy about the death of King Priam and Queen Hecuba at the climax of the Trojan War. [133], Hamlet is one of the most quoted works in the English language, and is often included on lists of the world's greatest literature. Hamlet "[193] Horace Brisbin Liveright's modern dress production opened at the Booth Theater in New York on November 9, 1925, the same night that the London production moved to Birmingham. [27] Jenkins suggests that any personal satire may be found in the name "Polonius", which might point to a Polish or Polonian connection. #. [190][191], The first modern dress stagings of Hamlet happened in 1925 in London and then New York. [211], Ian Charleson performed Hamlet from 9 October to 13 November 1989, in Richard Eyre's production at the Olivier Theatre, replacing Daniel Day-Lewis, who had abandoned the production. Some characters may occur two or three times in the list. In Svich's play, Ophelia is resurrected and rises from a pool of water, after her death in Hamlet. As Hugh Leonard once said, Hamlet is a terrific play, but there are way too many quotations in it. So many lines from Shakespeares Hamlet have become famous to people who have never read, studied, or watched the play. lines WebYou can buy the Arden text of this play from the Amazon.com online bookstore: Hamlet (Arden Shakespeare: Third Series) or Hamlet: The Texts of 1603 and 1623: Third Series - Paperback (The Arden Shakespeare Third Series) Entire play in one page. in "Hamlet". WebSpeeches (Lines) for Claudiusin "Hamlet"Total: 102. WebGet an answer for 'In Hamlet, which "dozen or sixteen lines" of "The Mousetrap" do you think Hamlet had a hand in writing?' The prince confides to Horatio and the sentries that from now on he plans to "put an antic disposition on", or act as though he has gone mad. OPTIONS: Show cue speeches Show full speeches. It is sometimes argued that the crew of the ship Red Dragon, anchored off Sierra Leone, performed Hamlet in September 1607;[150][151][152] however, this claim is based on a 19th century insert of a 'lost' passage into a period document, and is today widely regarded as a hoax, likely to have been perpetrated by John Payne Collier[153] (not to mention the intrinsic unlikelihood of sailors memorising and performing the play). Polonius tells Claudius and Gertrude his theory regarding Hamlet's behaviour, and then speaks to Hamlet in a hall of the castle to try to learn more. In the Bloom's Shakespeare Through the Ages volume on Hamlet, editors Bloom and Foster express a conviction that the intentions of Shakespeare in portraying the character of Hamlet in the play exceeded the capacity of the Freudian Oedipus complex to completely encompass the extent of characteristics depicted in Hamlet throughout the tragedy: "For once, Freud regressed in attempting to fasten the Oedipus Complex upon Hamlet: it will not stick, and merely showed that Freud did better than T.S. [g] The first actor known to have played Hamlet in North America is Lewis Hallam Jr., in the American Company's production in Philadelphia in 1759. Of these, Booth remained to make his career in the States, fathering the nation's most notorious actor, John Wilkes Booth (who later assassinated Abraham Lincoln), and its most famous Hamlet, Edwin Booth. [aside] A little more than kin, and less than kind! "[113], John Barrymore's long-running 1922 performance in New York, directed by Thomas Hopkins, "broke new ground in its Freudian approach to character", in keeping with the post-World War I rebellion against everything Victorian. #. Claudius (played by Kyle MacLachlan) became the CEO of "Denmark Corporation", having taken over the company by killing his brother. This work specifically advises royal retainers to amuse their masters with inventive language. [143][144][e] Judging by the number of reprints, Hamlet appears to have been Shakespeare's fourth most popular play during his lifetimeonly Henry IV Part 1, Richard III and Pericles eclipsed it. He says that "in their amorous or hostile attitude toward their parents" neurotics reveal something that occurs with less intensity "in the minds of the majority of children". Hamlet is walking alone in the hall as the King and Polonius await Ophelia's entrance. "[122], In the 1950s, the French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan analyzed Hamlet to illustrate some of his concepts. From the early 17th century, the play was famous for its ghost and vivid dramatisation of melancholy and insanity, leading to a procession of mad courtiers and ladies in Jacobean and Caroline drama. Colin Burrow has argued that "most of us should read a text that is made up by conflating all three versions it's about as likely that Shakespeare wrote: "To be or not to be, ay, there's the point" [in Q1], as that he wrote the works of Francis Bacon. It should be called the 'Hamlet complex'. [241] Innokenty Smoktunovsky was cast in the role of Hamlet. The production officially opened on 3 June and ran through 22 August 2009. The performance was set on a bare stage, conceived to appear like a dress rehearsal, with Burton in a black v-neck sweater, and Gielgud himself tape-recorded the voice for the ghost (which appeared as a looming shadow). Speeches (Lines) for Gertrude. 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