2nd Congress on Review of Islamic Regulations in Medicine 2013; 2013. pp. In brief, he is an individual with no relativity. This process can result in production of a human while the cloned individual would totally be identical to the genetic donor.15, The therapeutic cloning also known as embryonic cloning is actually used to produce human embryos for research purposes. 2. Despite such a wonderful role, whose aspects reveal development of scientific researches everyday, it is required that the jurisprudence has comment on the mentioned problem, the problem which is referred as the loss of ethical dignity and human right on the embryo. Office of Islamic Propaganda. 10 Far-Reaching Pros and Cons of Therapeutic Cloning Lets take a look at this subject in a more in-depth way right now. The cons or disadvantages of human cloning raise moral, ethical and safety issues: Reproductive cloning: The negatives of human cloning including the making of designer babies. Of course, this initial point is the time when we know that if the operation begins and due to loss of control, the opportunity of abuse in the situation is available and the development of human embryo becomes inevitable.48, If human cloning, either as primary or secondary, is a prohibited operation, the operation as the starting point of prohibition will be prevented. A cloned embryo intended for implantation into a womb requires thorough molecular testing to fully determine whether an embryo is healthy and whether the cloning process is complete. The permission of therapeutic cloning is subject to permissibility of all the stages. The objective of this type of cloning is not the production of a cloned human but the culture of cells is used in human researches and for treatment purposes in regenerative medicine. The most concerns made by the opposition about litigation of therapeutic cloning are on two axes.46, The first issue is the destruction of the initial embryos which is considered as disrespect of the newly-reproduced human and the initial point of human life. In therapeutic cloning, generate tissue generation takes place to treat patients who cannot obtain transplants,34 resulting to avoidance of the need forimmunosuppressive drugs,35and to stave off aging effects.36In reproductive cloning, parents who cannot procreate are advised to have access to the cloning technology.35, The protest against therapeutic cloning is just on the use ofembyronic stem cells, which is related to theabortion debate.35 Regarding reproductive cloning, there are concerns that cloning is not yet highly developed to confirm the safety of the technology, and could be prone to abuse and concerns about how cloned individuals could integrate with the society.37-40 In 2015, about 70 countries declared banning of human cloning.41, Principles on Elimination of Damages in Cloning, The first principle states that nobody has the right to damage others and has no moral justification. Stem cell therapy is cell transplantation in treatment or prevention of a disease or condition.22Bone marrow transplantationis a widely used form of stem cell therapy.23The potential use of stem cell therapy in treatment ofseveral diseases is underway.24,25Regenerative medicine would allow autologous transplantation of stem cells, and removes the risk of organ transplant rejection by the recipient.26For instance, in liver diseases, a new liver may be grown using the same genetic material and transplanted to remove the damaged liver.27Human pluripotent stem cells have been promised as a reliable source to generate human neurons, with the potential for regenerative medicine in brain and neural damages.28, Cloning is the outcome of the hard works on use of genetic engineering in animal breeding, treatment of hereditary diseases in human and replicating organisms.16 In 1901, transfer of nucleus of a salamander embryonic cell to a enucleated cell was successfully undertaken. Mehrabani D, MojtahedJaberi F, Zakerinia M, Hadianfard MJ, Jalli R, Tanideh N, Zare S. The healing effect of bone marrow-derived stem cells in knee osteoarthritis: a case report. Adult cells have limited potential. They cannot refuse handling of the case and issuing the ruling under the pretext of silence or deficiency or brevity or conflict of laws. 4.36.3.4.1 Therapeutic cloning. Daley GQ, Solbakk JH. For those that dont support the ethics of embryonic cells, adult cells seem to be a viable research alternative. More research has to be done to perfect the process. Alekajbaf H, Akhtari S. Study of human cloning from the ethical aspect. In order to form a viable opinion on the subject, it is necessary to learn more about the pros and cons of the research that is going on in this particular field of medicine. Thats the reality of this science. The individuals consent is one of the issues of cloning operation. The only available regulations in our country codified by consultative committees are affiliated to the research institutes include two documents and despite that they are called by laws, the executive bylaws of ethical principles in researches of medical sciences and ethical guides of researches on gametes and embryos, they lack legal standards and sanction and as their titles suggest, they should be called ethics doctrine. It also means that a question of ethics must be answered. In other words, although the religious order on human cloning can be an absolute permission based on the strong principle of permission, it is not unlikely that in the future, corruption is proved to be real for them, Jurists rule it as secondary sanctity and even as primary one. The embryos could be developed only to the blastocyst stage, and were destroyed later. Mablaghi A. Juristic analysis of therapeutic cloning. The pros and cons of human therapeutic cloning in the public - PubMed This is seen to defeat the purpose of growing new cells. 2. Religious and ethical rulings cannot be permission for it, and it seems that it is a point that only one case can be a response to it and it needs nothing but time. 4. Undoubtedly, therapeutic cloning which is the final solution for the treatment and health of human leads to the destruction of embryo and cannot be placed among any of the aforementioned exceptions because the cloned embryo is merely destroyed for others health and not its existence endangers others life. Of course, it should be taken into accounts that all are possible if the religion orders human cloning in the view of jurisprudence and is considered as permission. In other words, although according to the principle of presumption of innocence, initially, most of the Islamic intellects ruled on its natural permissibility and those who agreed and prescribed the cloning mentioned some of the applications and functions of this technology. Received 2016 Apr 22; Revised 2016 Jul 1; Accepted 2016 Jul 12. They believe that the benefits of therapeutic cloning are so many that the technology cannot be ignored due to ethical problems.46, Jurisprudential Analysis of Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning, This subject is important because reproductive and therapeutic cloning is considered a new technology and is different and various related aspects should be recognized and studied and put into the legal content.17, They discussed cloning with reasons such as interfering in Gods will, corruption on earth, changing tradition, variety, creation and breaking Muslims believes, and they expressed their comments by issuing Fatwa, resolutions and declaration. The regenerative effect of bone marrow-derived stem cells on cell count and survival in acute radiation syndrome. Implications and limitations of cellular reprogramming for psychiatric drug development. By being able to replicate a patient's cells and tissues, there would no longer be an issue of rejection. Ending Aging: The Rejuvenation Breakthroughs that Could Reverse Human Aging in Our Lifetime. Juridical Principles of Prohibition and Criminalization in the Field of Bioethics. Thus, we are not authorized to disregard individuals to the level of devices and even animals to satisfy our research objectives in the area of biotechnology.14 Based on Kants formula of end-in-itself, any actions that cause to use humanity as a mere means not as end-in-itself, are forbidden and immoral. Cloning: Either a friend or enemy? The category of sanctity for murder is more severe than the sanctity for the second and third categories. So far, medical research conducted on therapeutic cloning showed low success rate. So the genetic owner can commit a crime and escape from law, and allocate his action to the cloned individual or vice versa. If somebody kills the cloned individual, what are the rules for compensation or retribution? However, the related bioethical and jurisprudential aspects will be discussed. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Imagine being diagnosed with Alzheimers disease, but then having your doctor give you an injection of therapeutically cloned cells that will fix the problem immediately. The importance of Dolly was for its production from differentiated cells of mammary glands while the previous cloned animals were produced from embryonic cells. Therapeutic cloning and the right to health in international human rights law. BBC News. An example of ethical issues associated with cloning includes producing identical human beings in the lab. Gorbani AA. The .gov means its official. Noggle S, Fung HL, Gore A, Martinez H, Satriani KC, Prosser R, Oum K, Paull D, Druckenmiller S, Freeby M, Greenberg E, Zhang K, Goland R, Sauer MV, Leibel RL, Egli D. Human oocytes reprogram somatic cells to a pluripotent state. Khorasan Razavi Branch. Havstad J. According to changes in creation and based on the principle of non-possession of body for human and therefore, the danger and necessity of permissibility in this regard showed the ultimate prohibition of human cloning. He emphasized on the fact that humanity is not quantitative and should not be acted as a tool. In this process, three actions should be done: (i) Enucleation of cell, (ii) Placing it into the enucleated oocyte, and (iii) Simulating the oocyte by chemical or electrical current to start cell division. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help In reply, it should be asked how the issues related to the many physical damages and hidden and unknown mental risks in the method of abnormal birth of the cloned child compared with the method of natural birth can be justified?45, Therefore, pursuant to ethical principles and potential risks of cloning operations, further contemplations are needed on the technology and it should be avoided at least until its hidden aspects are clearly revealed. The cloned human does not have a father (because it is not from the male sperm) and a mother (because it is not by composition of gamete) and a sister and a brother and a relative, and it is grown in the uterus which is not of his mother but the surrogate mother. US Department of Energy Genome Program. To keep sanctity of human cloning, some declare the doubtful speech that the cloning process changes the creation process by God and it is an act of evil and forbidden. Kants formula of the universal law regards the same notion. On the other hand, based on principle 177, constitution law, it is an unchangeable principle and it has been constant after all reviews. The birth of this calf was the outcome of a series of researches from 2003 to produce various livestock by IVF. The practice of therapeutic cloning is the replication of tissues and cells that can be used for specific medical purposes. Now to review the three stages: The first stage is the use of the cell from human body which is automatically not objected. The researchers hope to replace the cloned cells for the cells destroyed by diseases such as Alzheimers, cancer, etc.31, The cloning technology may have positive and negative effects with advantages as well as disadvantages and even can be with fatal effects. Moving toward a clonal man: Is this what we want? Potentially provide effective and lasting treatment to a number or diseases. Because the organs created would be of the persons own cells, there would be a much reduced risk of organ rejection once a transplant procedure was successfully completed. Under current conditions, this would mean millions of eggs would need to be researched and studied and there just isnt the supply available right now to create that many embryos. This video discusses the applications/benefits and drawbacks/risks of therapeutic cloning! By using this technology, it is possible to obtain tissues immunologically compatible with the recipient and it is considered as a definitive treatment for diseases such as Huntingtons, Parkinsons, Multiple Sclerosis, Myocardial Infarction, etc. The principle corroborates ban of experiments on human cloning supposing that the clone is considered as human, but it is not believed that other types of cloning is in contrary with this principle. If yes, to what extent are they expressive and comprehensive and if not, what should be done against the practice and the perpetrators? 3. Risks and Disadvantages of Therapeutic Cloning - Biotech Articles FOIA It is not right to cut the string of life of the cell collection at the beginning of life for the purpose of medical research.46, Anyway, assessing the advantages and disadvantages of this technology is complicating and difficult because on one hand, it is a promise of the great probable advantage to the humanity and on the other hand, it causes several moral doubts and concerns at the level of society. In fact, it can be said that this principle is along with principle of elimination of harm. Even if therapeutic cloning does not strive to make whole humans, there is a great risk of misuse. Cons of therapeutic cloning Adult cells are limiting, so therapeutic cloning relies on stem cells extracted from the embryos. The process of extraction ruins the embryo and this issue creates a lot of ethical concerns. There are various interpretations of humanity end-in-itself: not to do anything about a human without his knowledge; respect his freedom, will and independency; help his happiness; and respect others humanity. Because the cells would be developed based on a persons own unique genetics and DNA, there would no longer be a need for a second surgery of a donor in order for a transplant to be successful. 2. Cloning has been used in various fields of biology while the DNA molecule of cells with genetically identical structure is known as a clone. Internal damages may be (i) The cloned living organism may encounter genetic problems and complications in long term, (ii) The more the cloned people are in the society, the more their extinction probability will be; because there are about one million four hundred thousand nucleotides in the body of every human and this remarkable variety is the origin of human generation survival; while the decrease in the genetic variety of individuals in a society, which is the result of cloning highly increase the probability of their death by a special virus or a pathogen, (iii) 99% of attempts to clone human may result in creation of monsters, (iv) Biological disorders such as cancer, (iv) Premature aging: Dolly, the sheep, aged soon after cloning and the cloned baby will age at birth; because if the genetic donor is fifty-year-old, the new born will be a fifty-year-old one, thus, it will be suffering from premature aging like Dolly.32, External damages can be (i) Belief damages, (ii) Human moral damages, (iii) Cloning propounds a way to stop family establishment and perseverance against the related difficulties and it leads to satisfying sexual instinct and contenting oneself with cloning to have a child, (iv) Cloning is against divine nature. Avoidance of Immune Rejection: Since therapeutic cloning creates organs or tissues that are genetically identical to the patient, the risk of immune rejection is greatly reduced. Singec I, Jandial R, Crain A, Nikkhah G, Snyder EY. Therapeutic cloning offers a lot of life-saving potentials; however, the issues pointed above must first be resolved before further studies on the subject matter are conducted and before the technology will be widely used for the treatment of diseases. In other words, the principle of elimination of harm states that the researches on cloning should not harm other humans and or cloned individual. In reproductive cloning, researchers remove a mature somatic cell, such as a skin cell, from an animal that they wish to copy. 30 Pros and Cons of Therapeutic Cloning 2023 - Ablison It is very important to consider breast feeding for children because breast milk has lots of antibodies and it is easily digested by the newborn increasing the chance of her or his survival. The process of organ regeneration can be studied. New Medical Questions. This will not only prolong lives and ensure treatment success but also help patients and states save millions of dollars every year for treatments that would no longer be needed. In regard to consent of the cloned child, the consent and permission of the donor of oocyte, the pregnant mother and even the donor of the somatic cell are also considered and it is an issue which can be harassed and abused.45, With a review on the mentioned principles, we conclude that the researches on reproductive cloning should include the following six features: (i) Be advantageous to society and impossible for any other methods, (ii) Previously operated on animals, (iii) Operated in a manner that all types of unnecessary physical and mental pains are prevented, (iv) If death or deficiency of the clone is probable, the operation is prevented, (v) Actions taken to protect the individual against damages, deficiency or death, and (vi) The experiments should be stopped if the responsible researcher believes at any phase of the research, continuation of the researches may result in damage, deficiency or death of the tested individual.42, Bioethical Analysis of Therapeutic Cloning, The subject is more complicated about the therapeutic cloning. The pros and cons of human therapeutic cloning in the public debate Few issues linked to genetic research have raised as much controversial debate as the use of somatic cell nuclear transfer technology to create embryos specifically for stem cell research. Gashmardi N, Mehrabani D, Khodabandeh Z, Hosseini SM. According to reports by Professor Hassan Javaheri, there is no problem on cloning happening in nature, but it is not legal to be undertaken at large scale. However, he allowed human cloning in rare cases and necessities when it is beneficial for human health and also the use of its scientific aspects; such as the cloning of organs for treatment purpose.17. In this way, the cloned individual may suffer from unwanted harms while he basically plays no roles in accepting or refusing the harms.42, This principle is considered as the second fundamental principle in the bioethics and it is stated that the hidden assignments in this principle prevent imposing harms and losses on others and it is close to conservative views of legal documents and moves toward promotion of goodness; but therapeutic cloning is not opposed in this area. Therapeutic cloning is a great advancement in medical science that could save thousands of lives in the future. Do the advantages of therapeutic cloning outweigh the disadvantages that may be potentially seen? They then transfer the DNA of the donor animal's somatic cell into an egg cell, or oocyte, that has had its own DNA-containing nucleus removed. Therapeutic Cloning - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics 2. One of the advantages can be that the cloned limbs have full genetic adaptation with the recipient individual who is the donor of the stem cells, (vii) Helping to control population regarding shortages of male or female sex due to incidents such as war and earthquake, and (viii) Helping to reduce sorrows and pains of people suffering from the death and absence of their loved ones by cloning them.32, Because this technology is new and its outcome is not public and common yet, the damages and losses are sometimes resulted as internal damages by nature of the operation and the process of cloning. Before 9 Pros and Cons of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, 26 Perfect Mother Daughter Dance Songs For Quinceanera, 40 Best Songs for 50th Wedding Anniversary Slideshow, 22 Best Songs for 60th Birthday Slideshow, Gabriel Iglesias Last Comic Standing Controversy. As the technology in this field continues to proceed, it is expected that the risks of rejection will continue to decline. In 1956, Spemanns hypothesis was proved and in 1962, mature frog was produced by transferring nucleus of intestinal cells of tadpoles into the eggs while their nucleus were removed.29, Sheep cloning from embryonic cells was performed in 1984. It should be known that which one of the three stages of therapeutic cloning is permitted and which is not? 2. SCNT involves removing the nucleus of an egg cell, replacing it with the material from the nucleus of a "somatic cell" (such as a skin cell) and stimulating this cell to begin dividing. In spite of all respect for the new life in the frame of human embryo, supporters of therapeutic cloning believe that human dignity and legal status of the six-day embryo is never equal to a mature human and therefore, the moral problems arising from damage of the embryo are fewer than what the opponents claim. Therapeutic cloning in the context of cell replacement therapy holds a huge potential for de novo organogenesis and the permanent treatment of Parkinson's disease, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and diabetes mellitus as shown by in vivo studies. A healthy body can affect mental health as proper nutrition does on physical health too. Therefore, we can conclude that the right method is guiding and controlling the cloning technology and banning the technique is not always fruitful. It currently has a low success rate. Details of hybrid clone revealed. In 1994, bovine cloning was conducted from embryonic cells of another cow. Tissue rejection is no longer a threat. Is it possible to reproduce a human embryo for ones purpose, but it should be remembered that such embryos are the initial point of life of all human being. Medical treatments would be individually based and this would ultimately protect the privacy of the person. Pluripotent stem cells from cloned human embryos: success at long last. Although most scientists are very opposed to reproductive cloning from this field of science, many do support the process of therapeutic cloning as long as it is used to treat disease. Well, this is supposed to be the reality of therapeutic cloning. Low success rate. On the other hand, it is noteworthy that the purpose of reproduction of embryos is not their destruction but it is to serve life of humans and progress of medical science. It requires the use of an embryo. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Therapeutic cloning - Cell division - AQA - GCSE Biology (Single - BBC Saremi A, Yoosefian SH. Therapeutic cloning is sometimes referred to as "somatic cell nuclear transfer" or "SCNT". Because the cells or tissues will be developed based on a patients own DNA, there will be no longer a need for a donor. Open up new avenues for research. This legal gap may lead to abuse of scientific researches to obtain illegal benefits and to undermine the intellectual property rights of scientists and researchers. 1Legal Office, Vice Chancellor of Management Development Resource Planning, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; 2Stem Cell and Transgenic Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; 3College of Law, School of Art, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran, 4Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Some believe that somatic cell nuclear transfer is also responsible for giving life to an embryo. Islamic Law Publication, 11th ed, Issue No.42, Autumn 2014. Of course, it is noteworthy that the principle encounters a basic challenge in the area of cloning; because basically, the possibility of reciprocity between the cloned individual and the researcher who reproduces it, is negated; that is, they both are not on equal terms providing reciprocity for both, but the cloned individual unintentionally becomes the objective of the research and the outcome is his different presence in the world of existence.42, Violating the Principle of Informed Consent in Cloning, One of the main principles of bioethics is the principle of consent. Mehrabani D, Mehrabani G, Zare S, Manafi A. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC) and aesthetic medicine: a mini review. Honey bees propagate by cloning as the queen bee mates once during her life and the eggs propagate in the queen up to thousands of eggs that are further hatched into bees.1 Although Joshua Lederberg advocated cloning and genetic engineering as a subject of speculation in 20th century, scientists and several authorities started to take the prospect seriously in the mid-1960s.2 James D. Watson was the person who publicized the potential and the perils of cloning in 1971.3 With the cloning of a sheep by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) called Dolly, the idea of cloning of human has become a hot debate subject.4 Advanced Cell Technology in November 1998 by using SCNT created the first hybrid human clone. The protest against therapeutic cloning is just on the use of embyronic stem cells, which is related to the abortion debate. In the late 2000, scientists cloned 8 species of mammals. This problem caused a serious disagreement in Christianity and Islam in this stage. Therapeutic cloning could become the future of medical science, but only if research is allowed to continue. Many of the cells cloned ended up developing serious defects that could harm human health if used. During 1940-1950, scientists could clone embryos in mammals. Instead of having a lifetime of suffering from chronic pain or other physical issues, therapeutic cloning provides the opportunity to find a potential cure in maybe just one office visit. Atrak H. Human cloning and kants theory. The nature of human and other living things is based on marriage tradition and the Holy Quran frequently emphasized on the creation of human based on the marriage tradition, but cloning is independent of either one of the couples. Because these are human cells that have been created from therapeutic cloning, there is no need to assume the risk for animal-to-human disease transfers, rejection issues, or other common problems associated with this practice. Few concerns related to genetic research have raised controversial debate (on both religious and ethical grounds) on the use of cloning in medicine.
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disadvantages of therapeutic cloning
